Describe the process of separating immiscible liquids, including examples and the underlying principle. Identify the components of the apparatus used.

a) The process is separation of immiscible liquids (or liquid-liquid extraction).

b) Three examples of pairs of immiscible liquids:

• Oil and water
• Kerosene and water
• Petrol and water

c) The principle on which this experiment works is the difference in densities of the immiscible liquids. The denser liquid settles at the bottom, and the less dense liquid floats on top.

d) Another process that could be used for the same experiment is simple decantation (carefully pouring off the top layer).

e) The parts labelled are:

• I: Less dense liquid layer
• II: Stopcock / Tap
• III: Beaker
• IV: Retort stand / Clamp stand