This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Here's the answer to question 2: a) Four reasons why farmers should be discouraged from using chemical fertilizers are: • Environmental pollution: Chemical fertilizers can leach into groundwater and run off into rivers and lakes, causing eutrophication (excessive nutrient enrichment) and harming aquatic life. • Soil degradation: Overuse can alter soil pH, reduce beneficial microbial activity, and decrease the long-term fertility and structure of the soil. • Health risks: Improper handling of chemical fertilizers can pose health risks to farmers due to exposure to harmful chemicals. • Cost: Chemical fertilizers can be expensive, increasing the production costs for farmers. b) (i) Temporary hard water is water that contains dissolved calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO_3)_2) and/or magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCO_3)_2). This type of hardness can be removed by boiling the water. (ii) Chemical equation to show how temporary hard water can be softened by heating (using calcium bicarbonate as an example): Ca(HCO_3)_2(aq) heat CaCO_3(s) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g) The insoluble calcium carbonate (CaCO_3) precipitates out, removing the hardness. c) (i) A lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar or beam that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum. It is used to multiply force or change the direction of force. (ii) Explanation of terms as applied to simple machines: • (α) Mechanical advantage (MA): This is the ratio of the output force (load) to the input force (effort). It indicates how much a machine multiplies the force applied to it. MA = LoadEffort • (β) Velocity ratio (VR): This is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load. It is a theoretical value that depends only on the geometry of the machine and does not account for friction. VR = Distance moved by effortDistance moved by load d) (i) Food processing refers to any method or set of methods used to transform raw agricultural products into food, or to transform food into other forms for consumption. This can involve various physical and chemical operations. (ii) • (α) Two advantages of food processing: 1. Increased shelf life: Processing methods like canning, freezing, and drying extend the time food can be stored, reducing spoilage. 2. Enhanced convenience: Processed foods are often easier and quicker to prepare, fitting modern lifestyles. • (β) One disadvantage of food processing: 1. Loss of nutrients: Some processing methods can reduce the nutritional content (e.g., vitamins, minerals) of food. That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one.