Structure 𝖔𝖋 𝖉𝖔𝖚𝖇𝖑𝖆 𝖇𝖔𝖓𝖉?

A double bond is a covalent bond formed between two atoms where they share four electrons (two pairs of electrons).

It consists of two main components:

• One sigma ($\sigma$) bond: This is formed by the direct, head-on overlap of atomic orbitals (e.g., $\text{sp}^2$ hybrid orbitals in carbon-carbon double bonds). It is a strong bond.
• One pi ($\pi$) bond: This is formed by the sideways overlap of unhybridized p-orbitals above and below the plane of the sigma bond. The pi bond is generally weaker than the sigma bond.

The presence of a double bond results in a shorter bond length and higher bond energy compared to a single bond between the same two atoms. The pi bond also restricts rotation around the bond axis, leading to geometric isomerism (cis/trans isomers).