This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Here are the solutions to the questions: 1 (a) Classify the following organisms into their respective kingdoms: (i) Yeast: Fungi* (ii) Penicillium: Fungi* (iii) Rhizobium: Monera* (Bacteria) (iv) Mushroom: Fungi* (v) Amoeba: Protista* (vi) Fish: Animalia* 1 (b) List three structures found in plant cell only [6 marks] Cell wall Chloroplasts Large central vacuole 2 (i) Name each of the following molecules. (α) NF_3: Nitrogen trifluoride* (β) SO_3: Sulfur trioxide* (γ) SiF_4: Silicon tetrafluoride* 2 (ii) Give the names of the fundamental particles of an atom and their relative masses and charges. [6 marks] Proton: Relative mass ≈ 1, Relative charge +1 Neutron: Relative mass ≈ 1, Relative charge 0 Electron: Relative mass ≈ (1)/(1836), Relative charge -1 3 Calculate the relative density of the liquid. [3 marks] Step 1: Determine the density of the plank (_p) using its flotation in water. Let V be the total volume of the plank, and _w be the density of water. When floating, the buoyant force equals the weight of the plank. Weight of plank = Weight of water displaced _p V g = _w ((2)/(3)V) g _p = (2)/(3) _w Step 2: Determine the density of the plank using its flotation in the unknown liquid. Let _L be the density of the unknown liquid. Weight of plank = Weight of liquid displaced _p V g = _L ((1)/(2)V) g _p = (1)/(2) _L Step 3: Equate the expressions for _p to find the relationship between _L and _w. (2)/(3) _w = (1)/(2) _L _L = (2)/(3) × 2 _w _L = (4)/(3) _w Step 4: Calculate the relative density of the liquid. Relative density of liquid = Density of liquidDensity of water Relative density = (_L)/(_w) = (4)/(3) _w_w = (4)/(3) or 1.33 4 (i) Distinguish between a grain and a cereal. A grain is a small, hard, dry seed, with or without an attached hull or fruit layer, harvested for human or animal consumption. A cereal is a type of grain that comes from grasses cultivated for their edible components, such as wheat, rice, or maize. All cereals are grains, but not all grains are cereals (e.g., legumes like lentils are grains but not cereals). 4 (ii) State one example of a grain. Maize (Corn) 4 (iii) Mention four uses of the named grain in d (ii). [5 marks] (Assuming "d (ii)" refers to "4 (ii)", and the named grain is Maize) Food for human consumption (e.g., cornmeal, sweet corn, popcorn). Animal feed for livestock. Production of ethanol (biofuel). Source of corn oil and corn starch. 5 (i) Define the following terms (α) Mitosis: Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. It is essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. (β) Meiosis: Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four haploid gamete cells. This process is crucial for sexual reproduction. 5 (ii) Mention two ways in which meiosis is significant. [6 marks] Meiosis ensures genetic variation* in offspring through processes like crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes, leading to diverse traits within a species. It maintains a constant chromosome number* across generations in sexually reproducing organisms by halving the chromosome number in gametes, so that when two gametes fuse during fertilization, the diploid number is restored. 6 (i) (α) Explain the term isomers. Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas or different arrangements of atoms in space. This difference in arrangement leads to distinct chemical and physical properties. 6 (i) (β) Write down structures for three isomers of hexane. [6 marks] Hexane has the molecular formula C_6H_14. 1. n-Hexane (straight chain) CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_3 2. 2-Methylpentane & CH_3 \\ & | \\ CH_3CH_2CH_2CHCH_3 3. 2,3-Dimethylbutane & CH_3 & CH_3 \\ & | & | \\ CH_3CHCHCH_3 That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one.