To read the pH values, first determine the value of each small division. Between 0 and 2, there are 10 small divisions, so each division represents (2-0)/(10) = 0.2 pH units.

1(c) i) To read the pH values, first determine the value of each small division. Between 0 and 2, there are 10 small divisions, so each division represents (2-0)/(10) = 0.2 pH units. P1: 0 + (2 × 0.2) = 0.4 P2: 4 + (3 × 0.2) = 4.6 P3: 6 + (4 × 0.2) = 6.8 P4: 12 + (2 × 0.2) = 12.4 ii) pH P1 (0.4) and P2 (4.6) indicate acidic liquids. Example of a liquid with pH P1 (strongly acidic): Hydrochloric acid. Example of a liquid with pH P2 (weakly acidic): Lemon juice. iii) pH P3 (6.8) indicates a nearly neutral or very weakly acidic liquid. Example of a liquid with pH P3: Milk. pH P4 (12.4) indicates a basic (alkaline) liquid. Example of a liquid with pH P4: Bleach. iv) • For liquid P1 (pH 0.4, strongly acidic): Red litmus paper stays red, blue litmus paper turns red. • For liquid P2 (pH 4.6, weakly acidic): Red litmus paper stays red, blue litmus paper turns red. • For liquid P3 (pH 6.8, nearly neutral): Red litmus paper stays red, blue litmus paper stays blue. • For liquid P4 (pH 12.4, strongly basic): Red litmus paper turns blue, blue litmus paper stays blue. 1(d) i) Device A: Knapsack sprayer (or Backpack sprayer) Device B: Watering can ii) N: Tank (or Container) P: Hose (or Delivery tube) Q: Pump lever (or Pumping handle) R: Nozzle (or Spray nozzle) S: Lance (or Spray wand) T: Rose (or Sprinkler head) U: Spout iii) Use of Device A: To spray pesticides, herbicides, or liquid fertilizers on crops. Use of Device B: To water plants in a garden or nursery. iv) The part labelled Q (Pump lever) is used to pressurize the liquid inside the tank, allowing it to be sprayed out through the nozzle. v) One similarity between device A and B is that both are used for dispensing liquids (e.g., water, chemicals) for agricultural or gardening purposes. Send me the next one 📸