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potassium permanganate\text{potassium permanganate}

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Potassium permanganate (KMnO4\text{KMnO}_4) is prepared from pyrolusite ore, which is primarily manganese dioxide (MnO2\text{MnO}_2). The preparation involves two main steps:

  1. Conversion of manganese dioxide to potassium manganate (K2MnO4\text{K}_2\text{MnO}_4).

    Manganese dioxide is fused with potassium hydroxide (KOH\text{KOH}) and an oxidizing agent like potassium chlorate (KClO3\text{KClO}_3) or air. This reaction produces green potassium manganate.

    2MnO2+4KOH+O2→Heat2K2MnO4+2H2O2\text{MnO}_2 + 4\text{KOH} + \text{O}_2 \xrightarrow{\text{Heat}} 2\text{K}_2\text{MnO}_4 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}
  2. Oxidation of potassium manganate to potassium permanganate.

    Potassium manganate can be oxidized to potassium permanganate either chemically or electrolytically.

    • Chemical Oxidation: The green potassium manganate solution is treated with a weak acid (like CO2\text{CO}_2 or dilute H2SO4\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4) or chlorine. This disproportionation reaction yields purple potassium permanganate and manganese dioxide. 3K2MnO4+2H2O+4CO2⟶2KMnO4+MnO2+4KHCO33\text{K}_2\text{MnO}_4 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O} + 4\text{CO}_2 \longrightarrow 2\text{KMnO}_4 + \text{MnO}_2 + 4\text{KHCO}_3
    • Electrolytic Oxidation: This is the preferred industrial method. An alkaline solution of potassium manganate is electrolyzed. Manganate ions (MnO42−\text{MnO}_4^{2-}) are oxidized to permanganate ions (MnO4−\text{MnO}_4^-) at the anode. MnO42−⟶MnO4−+e−\text{MnO}_4^{2-} \longrightarrow \text{MnO}_4^- + \text{e}^-

    The overall process yields potassium permanganate\text{potassium permanganate}.

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