Explain paging, virtual memory, thrashing, throughput, race conditions, critical sections, and deadlock in operating systems.

You're on a roll — 7. i) a) State the name of the type of memory management used. The type of memory management used, where memory is divided into equally sized chunks, is Paging. Paging b) The operating system needs to load program C into memory but there is not enough space. Describe how the operating system would use virtual memory to load program C. If there isn't enough physical memory, the operating system uses virtual memory by identifying pages of other programs (or parts of Program C itself) that are not currently in active use. These pages are then swapped out from physical RAM to secondary storage (like a hard disk). This frees up physical memory frames, allowing the necessary pages of Program C to be loaded into RAM for execution. c) State one disadvantage of using this type of memory management. One disadvantage of paging is the overhead associated with managing page tables, which consume memory. Another is thrashing, where the system spends excessive time swapping pages between main memory and secondary storage, leading to poor performance. Thrashing / Page table overhead d) iii) a) In the context of operating system, define throughput, Race condition, critical section, and deadlock. • Throughput is the number of processes or tasks completed per unit of time by the system. • A race condition occurs when multiple processes access and modify shared data concurrently, and the final outcome depends on the specific order of execution. • A critical section is a segment of code in a concurrent program where shared resources are accessed. Only one process should be allowed to execute its critical section at any given time. • Deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are permanently blocked, each waiting for a resource held by another process in the same set. d) b) Two types of processes in operating systems (os) I/O bound and CPU processes. Explain the processes. • I/O-bound processes are those that spend most of their execution time performing input/output operations, such as reading from a disk or network, and relatively little time on CPU computations. • CPU-bound processes are those that spend most of their execution time performing computations on the CPU and relatively little time waiting for I/O operations to complete. What's next?