Using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process, orthonormalise the liner independent subset (1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1)\

Computer Science

ScanSolve AI Answer

Step-by-step solution

3 steps

Here's how to orthonormalize the given set of linearly independent vectors using the Gram-Schmidt process:

Let the given vectors be v1=(1,1,1)v_1 = (1, 1, 1), v2=(0,1,1)v_2 = (0, 1, 1), and v3=(0,0,1)v_3 = (0, 0, 1).
We will construct an orthonormal set {u1,u2,u3}\{u_1, u_2, u_3\}.

  1. Calculate u1u_1.

    The first orthonormal vector u1u_1 is obtained by normalizing v1v_1.

    u1=v1∥v1∥u_1 = \frac{v_1}{\|v_1\|}

    First, find the norm of v1v_1:

    ∥v1∥=12+12+12=1+1+1=3\|v_1\| = \sqrt{1^2 + 1^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{1 + 1 + 1} = \sqrt{3}

    Now, calculate u1u_1:

    u1=13(1,1,1)=(13,13,13)u_1 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(1, 1, 1) = \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right)
  2. Calculate u2u_2.

    To find u2u_2, we first find an orthogonal vector w2w_2 by subtracting the projection of v2v_2 onto u1u_1 from v2v_2.

    w2=v2−(v2⋅u1)u1w_2 = v_2 - (v_2 \cdot u_1) u_1

    First, calculate the dot product v2⋅u1v_2 \cdot u_1:

    v2⋅u1=(0,1,1)⋅(13,13,13)=0⋅13+1⋅13+1⋅13=23v_2 \cdot u_1 = (0, 1, 1) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right) = 0 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} = \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}

    Now, calculate w2w_2:

    w2=(0,1,1)−23(13,13,13)w_2 = (0, 1, 1) - \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right) w2=(0,1,1)−(23,23,23)w_2 = (0, 1, 1) - \left(\frac{2}{3}, \frac{2}{3}, \frac{2}{3}\right) w2=(0−23,1−23,1−23)=(−23,13,13)w_2 = \left(0 - \frac{2}{3}, 1 - \frac{2}{3}, 1 - \frac{2}{3}\right) = \left(-\frac{2}{3}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}\right)

    Next, normalize w2w_2 to get u2u_2:

    ∥w2∥=(−23)2+(13)2+(13)2=49+19+19=69=23\|w_2\| = \sqrt{\left(-\frac{2}{3}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^2} = \sqrt{\frac{4}{9} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{9}} = \sqrt{\frac{6}{9}} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}} u2=w2∥w2∥=123(−23,13,13)=32(−23,13,13)u_2 = \frac{w_2}{\|w_2\|} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}} \left(-\frac{2}{3}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}\right) = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{2}} \left(-\frac{2}{3}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}\right) u2=(−2332,332,332)=(−26,16,16)u_2 = \left(-\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3\sqrt{2}}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3\sqrt{2}}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3\sqrt{2}}\right) = \left(-\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\right)
  3. Calculate u3u_3.

    To find u3u_3, we first find an orthogonal vector w3w_3 by subtracting the projections of v3v_3 onto u1u_1 and u2u_2 from v3v_3.

    w3=v3−(v3⋅u1)u1−(v3⋅u2)u2w_3 = v_3 - (v_3 \cdot u_1) u_1 - (v_3 \cdot u_2) u_2

    First, calculate the dot product v3⋅u1v_3 \cdot u_1:

    v3⋅u1=(0,0,1)⋅(13,13,13)=0⋅13+0⋅13+1⋅13=13v_3 \cdot u_1 = (0, 0, 1) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right) = 0 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} + 0 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}

    Next, calculate the dot product v3⋅u2v_3 \cdot u_2:

    v3⋅u2=(0,0,1)⋅(−26,16,16)=0⋅(−26)+0⋅16+1⋅16=16v_3 \cdot u_2 = (0, 0, 1) \cdot \left(-\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\right) = 0 \cdot \left(-\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}\right) + 0 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} + 1 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}

    Now, calculate w3w_3:

    w3=(0,0,1)−13(13,13,13)−16(−26,16,16)w_3 = (0, 0, 1) - \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right) - \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}} \left(-\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\right) w3=(0,0,1)−(13,13,13)−(−26,16,16)w_3 = (0, 0, 1) - \left(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}\right) - \left(-\frac{2}{6}, \frac{1}{6}, \frac{1}{6}\right) w3=(0,0,1)−(13,13,13)−(−13,16,16)w_3 = (0, 0, 1) - \left(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}\right) - \left(-\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{6}, \frac{1}{6}\right) w3=(0−13−(−13),0−13−16,1−13−16)w_3 = \left(0 - \frac{1}{3} - (-\frac{1}{3}), 0 - \frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{6}, 1 - \frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{6}\right) w3=(0,−26−16,66−26−16)w_3 = \left(0, -\frac{2}{6} - \frac{1}{6}, \frac{6}{6} - \frac{2}{6} - \frac{1}{6}\right) w3=(0,−36,36)=(0,−12,12)w_3 = \left(0, -\frac{3}{6}, \frac{3}{6}\right) = \left(0, -\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right)

    Finally, normalize w3w_3 to get u3u_3:

    ∥w3∥=02+(−12)2+(12)2=0+14+14=24=12\|w_3\| = \sqrt{0^2 + \left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2} = \sqrt{0 + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4}} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{4}} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}} u3=w3∥w3∥=112(0,−12,12)=2(0,−12,12)u_3 = \frac{w_3}{\|w_3\|} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}} \left(0, -\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right) = \sqrt{2} \left(0, -\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}\right) u3=(0,−22,22)=(0,−12,12)u_3 = \left(0, -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) = \left(0, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)

    The orthonormal set of vectors is:

    {(13,13,13),(−26,16,16),(0,−12,12)}\boxed{\left\{\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\right), \left(-\frac{2}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}\right), \left(0, -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\right\}}
Was this helpful?

Still stuck on this one?

Ask a follow-up, and the answer starts from this question.

Got a different question?Ask your own question
Handwritten step-by-step solution preview

Handwritten Step-by-Step Solution

Get this as a handwritten image on WhatsApp — like a tutor wrote it for you.

Try on WhatsApp