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Item one:
As an S.3 student, here are different methods you can use to produce a magnet:

  1. Rubbing Method:

    • Single Touch Method: Take a piece of magnetic material (like a steel needle or blade) and a permanent magnet. Rub the permanent magnet along the steel in one direction only, lifting the magnet off the steel at the end of each stroke before repeating (e.g., 20-30 times).
    • Double Touch Method: Place two pieces of steel parallel to each other. Use two permanent magnets, one at each end, and rub them simultaneously towards the center of the steel pieces.

  2. Electrical Method (Electromagnetism):

    • Wind an insulated copper wire around a soft iron core (like an iron nail) to form a coil.
    • Connect the ends of the wire to a direct current (DC) source, such as a battery.
    • When current flows through the coil, the iron nail becomes an electromagnet. The strength of the magnet can be increased by increasing the number of turns in the coil or increasing the current.

  3. Induction Method:

    • Place a piece of magnetic material (like an iron nail) near a strong permanent magnet without touching it.
    • The iron piece will become temporarily magnetized by induction and will be able to attract small magnetic objects. This is a temporary magnet.

Item two:

Part a· 6 steps

To determine which mirror forms a bigger image, we will use the mirror formula and magnification formula for each mirror.

Given data:
Object height ho=4 cmh_o = 4 \text{ cm}
Object distance u=25 cmu = 25 \text{ cm}

For the Concave Mirror:
Focal length fc=20 cmf_c = 20 \text{ cm} (positive for concave mirrors)

  1. Find the image distance vcv_c using the mirror formula

    1fc=1u+1vc\frac{1}{f_c} = \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{v_c} 120 cm=125 cm+1vc\frac{1}{20 \text{ cm}} = \frac{1}{25 \text{ cm}} + \frac{1}{v_c} 1vc=120 cm−125 cm\frac{1}{v_c} = \frac{1}{20 \text{ cm}} - \frac{1}{25 \text{ cm}} 1vc=5−4100 cm\frac{1}{v_c} = \frac{5 - 4}{100 \text{ cm}} 1vc=1100 cm\frac{1}{v_c} = \frac{1}{100 \text{ cm}} vc=100 cmv_c = 100 \text{ cm}

  2. Find the magnification McM_c

    Mc=−vcuM_c = -\frac{v_c}{u} Mc=−100 cm25 cmM_c = -\frac{100 \text{ cm}}{25 \text{ cm}} Mc=−4M_c = -4

  3. Find the image height hich_{ic}

    hic=Mc×hoh_{ic} = M_c \times h_o hic=−4×4 cmh_{ic} = -4 \times 4 \text{ cm} hic=−16 cmh_{ic} = -16 \text{ cm}

    The size of the image is 16 cm16 \text{ cm}. The negative sign indicates an inverted image.

    For the Convex Mirror:
    Focal length fx=−20 cmf_x = -20 \text{ cm} (negative for convex mirrors)

  4. Find the image distance vxv_x using the mirror formula

    1fx=1u+1vx\frac{1}{f_x} = \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{v_x} 1−20 cm=125 cm+1vx\frac{1}{-20 \text{ cm}} = \frac{1}{25 \text{ cm}} + \frac{1}{v_x} 1vx=−120 cm−125 cm\frac{1}{v_x} = -\frac{1}{20 \text{ cm}} - \frac{1}{25 \text{ cm}} 1vx=−5−4100 cm\frac{1}{v_x} = \frac{-5 - 4}{100 \text{ cm}} 1vx=−9100 cm\frac{1}{v_x} = \frac{-9}{100 \text{ cm}} vx=−1009 cm≈−11.11 cmv_x = -\frac{100}{9} \text{ cm} \approx -11.11 \text{ cm}

  5. Find the magnification MxM_x

    Mx=−vxuM_x = -\frac{v_x}{u} Mx=−(−100/9) cm25 cmM_x = -\frac{(-100/9) \text{ cm}}{25 \text{ cm}} Mx=1009×25M_x = \frac{100}{9 \times 25} Mx=49≈0.44M_x = \frac{4}{9} \approx 0.44

  6. Find the image height hixh_{ix}

    hix=Mx×hoh_{ix} = M_x \times h_o hix=49×4 cmh_{ix} = \frac{4}{9} \times 4 \text{ cm} hix=169 cm≈1.78 cmh_{ix} = \frac{16}{9} \text{ cm} \approx 1.78 \text{ cm}

    The size of the image is approximately 1.78 cm1.78 \text{ cm}.

    Comparing the image heights, the concave mirror forms an image of 16 cm16 \text{ cm}, while the convex mirror forms an image of 1.78 cm1.78 \text{ cm}.
    Therefore, the mirror that forms a bigger image is the Concave Mirror.

Part b

**Brief report on the nature of images formed by each mirror and advice on which mirror is suitable for use as a driving mirror

  • Concave Mirror:

    • Nature of Image: For an object placed 25 cm25 \text{ cm} away from a concave mirror with a focal length of 20 cm20 \text{ cm}, the image formed is real, inverted, and magnified. The image is formed 100 cm100 \text{ cm} in front of the mirror and has a height of 16 cm16 \text{ cm}.
    • Advice for Driving Mirror: A concave mirror is not suitable for use as a driving mirror. This is because it forms inverted and magnified images, and provides a narrow field of view, which can be dangerous for a driver.

  • Convex Mirror:

    • Nature of Image: For an object placed 25 cm25 \text{ cm} away from a convex mirror with a focal length of −20 cm-20 \text{ cm}, the image formed is virtual, upright, and diminished. The image is formed approximately 11.11 cm11.11 \text{ cm} behind the mirror and has a height of 1.78 cm1.78 \text{ cm}.
    • Advice for Driving Mirror: A convex mirror is highly suitable for use as a driving mirror (side mirror or rear-view mirror). This is because it forms virtual, upright, and diminished images, and most importantly, provides a wider field of view, allowing the driver to see more of the road behind them.
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