Explain the following types of Surveying: Plane, Geodetic, Topographical, Cadastral, Traverse, and Engineering surveys.

Step 1: Explain the following types of Surveying.

• i) Plane survey: Assumes the Earth's surface is a flat plane, ignoring its curvature. It is suitable for small areas where the effects of curvature are negligible, typically for areas less than 250 km².
• ii) Geodetic survey: Accounts for the Earth's curvature and shape. It is used for large areas and high-precision work, often involving national control networks, and requires advanced instruments and computational methods.
• iii) Topographical survey: Measures natural features (e.g., rivers, hills) and artificial features (e.g., roads, buildings) of an area to determine their relative positions and elevations, creating maps that show relief and contours.
• iv) Cadastral survey: Establishes, re-establishes, and defines land boundaries, property lines, and ownership for legal purposes, often for land registration, taxation, and property transfer.
• v) Traverse survey: A method where a series of connected survey lines form a framework. Distances and angles between consecutive points (stations) are measured to determine their relative positions. It can be open or closed.
• vi) Engineering Survey: Involves surveys required for the planning, design, and construction of engineering projects such as roads, railways, bridges, dams, and buildings. It includes setting out, monitoring, and as-built surveys.