Explain four benefits of coastal landforms to human activities and two processes of wave erosion. Describe how a wave-cut platform is formed.

Highest temperature = $28^\circ\text{C}$ (Feb, Mar, Apr)
Lowest temperature = $24^\circ\text{C}$ (Aug)

The annual range of temperature for the town is $\boxed{\text{4}^\circ\text{C}}$.

9. b. ii. To calculate the total annual rainfall:

The total annual rainfall for the town is $\boxed{\text{1793 mm}}$.

9. b. iii.

• Cold ocean currents: Cold ocean currents cool the air above them. When this cool air moves over land, it lowers the temperature of coastal areas and often leads to stable atmospheric conditions, resulting in less evaporation and therefore reduced rainfall and the formation of deserts along the coast.
• Distance from the sea (continentality): Places far from the sea experience a greater annual range of temperature (hotter summers and colder winters) because land heats up and cools down more quickly than water. Coastal areas have more moderate temperatures due to the moderating effect of the ocean.

9. c. i. Climate change refers to a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It can involve changes in average weather conditions, the frequency of extreme weather events, or both.

9. c. ii. Four human causes of climate change are:

• Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) for energy, transportation, and industry, which releases large amounts of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
• Deforestation, which reduces the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide, leading to an increase in atmospheric CO2.
• Industrial processes and agricultural activities (e.g., livestock farming, use of fertilizers) that release methane and nitrous oxide, potent greenhouse gases.
• Land-use changes such as urbanization and agriculture, which alter the Earth's surface reflectivity and heat absorption.

9. d. Five characteristics of a desert climate are:

• Very low annual rainfall (typically less than 250 mm).
• High diurnal temperature range (large difference between day and night temperatures).
• High average annual temperatures.
• Clear, cloudless skies.
• Low humidity.

9. e. i. Two methods students would use to collect data for a field study on weather within the school environment are:

• Direct observation (e.g., observing cloud cover, wind direction).
• Taking measurements using instruments (e.g., reading thermometers, rain gauges).

9. e. ii. Two instruments they may require to collect temperature and rainfall data are:

• Thermometer (for temperature)
• Rain gauge (for rainfall)