QUESTION 1: a) Describe the following sedimentary structures b) Describe three coastal depositional features c) Distinguish between rhythmic and cyclic sedimentation

That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one. QUESTION 2 a) What is global warming? Global warming is the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels. b) Explain three measures that the government can take to combat global warming. Promote renewable energy: Governments can provide subsidies and incentives for the development and adoption of clean energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Implement carbon pricing: Introducing carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems can make carbon emissions more expensive, encouraging industries to reduce their greenhouse gas output. Support energy efficiency: Governments can establish regulations for energy-efficient buildings and appliances, and offer financial support for upgrades, thereby lowering overall energy consumption. c) Describe three coastal depositional features. Beaches: Accumulations of loose sediment (sand, gravel, pebbles) along a shoreline, formed by wave action and longshore drift depositing material. Spits: Long, narrow ridges of sand or shingle that extend from the land into a body of water, typically formed where longshore drift carries sediment along a coast that changes direction. Bars: Ridges of sand or shingle that connect two headlands or enclose a bay, often forming when a spit grows across the mouth of a bay. d) What geological features are observed at the youthful, mature and the old age stage of river? Youthful Stage: Characterized by V-shaped valleys, steep gradients, rapids, waterfalls, and interlocking spurs*. Erosion is primarily vertical (downcutting). Mature Stage: Features include wider, U-shaped valleys, gentler gradients, the development of meanders, and the beginnings of floodplains*. Both vertical and lateral erosion occur. Old Age Stage: Marked by very wide, flat floodplains, extensive meanders, oxbow lakes, natural levees, and deltas* at the river mouth. Deposition is the dominant process. e) Outline the processes and products from the chemical weathering of: i) Basalt Processes: Hydrolysis (of feldspars and ferromagnesian minerals) and oxidation (of iron-bearing minerals). Products: Clay minerals (e.g., smectite, kaolinite), iron oxides (e.g., hematite, goethite), and dissolved ions (e.g., Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Si⁴⁺). ii) Granite Processes: Hydrolysis (of feldspars) and dissolution (of quartz to a lesser extent). Products: Clay minerals (e.g., kaolinite from feldspar), resistant quartz grains (forming sand), and dissolved ions (e.g., K⁺, Na⁺, Si⁴⁺). QUESTION 3 a) Distinguish between rhythmic and cyclic sedimentation. Rhythmic sedimentation* refers to the regular, small-scale, and often short-term repetition of distinct sediment layers, typically reflecting seasonal or annual changes (e.g., glacial varves). Cyclic sedimentation* involves larger-scale, longer-term, and more complex repetitions of sedimentary facies sequences, often representing major geological cycles like sea-level fluctuations or climatic shifts over thousands to millions of years (e.g., cyclothems). b) Describe the following sedimentary structures: i) Ripple marks Ripple marks* are small, wave-like ridges and troughs formed on the surface of unconsolidated sediment (like sand or silt) by the movement of water or wind. They can be symmetrical (from oscillatory flow) or asymmetrical (from unidirectional flow). ii) Cross bedding Cross bedding* (or cross-stratification) consists of internal layers within a larger bed that are inclined at an angle to the main bedding plane. It forms as sediment is deposited on the downcurrent side of migrating ripples or dunes, indicating the direction of ancient currents. iii) Graded bedding Graded bedding* is a sedimentary structure characterized by a gradual decrease in grain size from the bottom to the top of a single bed. It typically forms when a sudden decrease in current velocity causes coarser sediments to settle first, followed by progressively finer particles, often seen in turbidites.