Geography: Perkerra irrigation scheme, human encroachment, Kenya's exports, settlement patterns, and city functions.

Here are the answers to the questions:

SECTION A

1. (a) The method of irrigation used in the Perkerra irrigation scheme is furrow irrigation.

1. (b) Three factors that influenced the location of the Perkerra irrigation scheme are:

• Availability of water from River Perkerra.
• Presence of gently sloping land suitable for irrigation.
• Availability of fertile alluvial soils.

2. Four effects of human encroachment into wildlife habitats are:

• Loss and fragmentation of wildlife habitats.
• Reduction in biodiversity and potential extinction of species.
• Increased human-wildlife conflict.
• Disruption of ecological balance and food chains.

3. (a) Two countries to which Kenya exports petroleum products are:

• Uganda
• Tanzania

3. (b) Four factors that influence external trade in Kenya are:

• Availability of goods for export.
• Demand for Kenyan products in international markets.
• Government policies, including trade agreements and tariffs.
• Exchange rates and the competitiveness of Kenyan products.

4. (a) Two factors that lead to the development of nucleated settlement patterns are:

• Availability of a common resource, such as a water source or fertile land.
• Security concerns, leading people to settle close together for protection.

4. (b) Two differences in the functions of Nairobi and New York are:

• New York serves as a global financial and cultural capital with the headquarters of the United Nations, giving it immense international diplomatic and economic influence. Nairobi, while a significant regional hub, primarily functions as the administrative and commercial capital of Kenya and a regional center for East Africa.
• New York's economy is vastly more diversified and global in scale, encompassing major industries like finance, media, fashion, and technology with worldwide reach. Nairobi's economy, though growing, is more focused on regional trade, services, and agriculture-related industries within East Africa.

5. Five ways that are used to control floods in Kenya are:

• Construction of dams and reservoirs to store excess water.
• Afforestation and reforestation to increase water absorption by soil.
• Building dykes, levees, and embankments along river banks.
• River dredging and channelization to increase the carrying capacity of rivers.
• Implementing early warning systems to alert communities in flood-prone areas.