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Mwang[i] set up an apparatus for finding the percentage of humus contents in a soil by ignition.

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5. Mwang[i] set up an apparatus for finding the percentage of humus contents in a soil by ignition.

Part b· 1 step

Outline the steps followed in carrying out the illustrated experiment.

  1. Outline the experimental procedure.

    • Weigh a clean, dry crucible (M1M_1).
    • Add a known mass of oven-dried soil sample to the crucible. Weigh the crucible with the soil (M2M_2).
    • Place the crucible with the soil on a tripod stand with a gauze mat and heat it strongly using a Bunsen burner for a prolonged period, stirring occasionally.
    • Allow the crucible and the remaining soil (ash) to cool completely in a desiccator.
    • Weigh the crucible with the ash (M3M_3).
    • Repeat the heating, cooling, and weighing steps until a constant mass is obtained.

Part c· 1 step

Explain what happens after heating the soil and its contents.

  1. Explain the changes during heating.

    • Upon strong heating, the organic matter (humus) present in the soil undergoes combustion.
    • This process converts the solid organic compounds into gaseous products such as carbon dioxide (CO2\text{CO}_2) and water vapor (H2O\text{H}_2\text{O}), which escape into the atmosphere.
    • The remaining material in the crucible is primarily the inorganic mineral components of the soil, often appearing as a greyish-white ash.

Part d· 1 step

Compare the mass after and before heating.

  1. Compare the masses.

    • The mass of the soil after heating will be less than its mass before heating.
    • This reduction in mass is attributed to the loss of organic matter that was burnt off and released as gases during the ignition process.
    • The difference in mass (M2−M3M_2 - M_3) represents the mass of the organic matter (humus) originally present in the soil sample.
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