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A bag contains 13 cubes numbered 1 to 13. Two cubes are drawn sequentially without replacement. What is the probability that both cubes are odd numbered?

Mathematics

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Here are the solutions to the probability questions:

There are 13 cubes numbered from 1 to 13.
The odd numbers are {1,3,5,7,9,11,13}\{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13\}, so there are 7 odd cubes.
The even numbers are {2,4,6,8,10,12}\{2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12\}, so there are 6 even cubes.
Two cubes are drawn one after the other without replacement.

  • a) What is the probability that both cubes are odd numbered?
  1. Find the probability of drawing an odd cube first.

    There are 7 odd cubes out of 13 total cubes.
    $$
    P(\text{1st cube is odd}) = \frac{7}{13}
    $$
    
  2. Find the probability of drawing a second odd cube, given the first was odd and not replaced.

    After drawing one odd cube, there are 6 odd cubes left and a total of 12 cubes remaining.
    $$
    P(\text{2nd cube is odd} | \text{1st cube is odd}) = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2}
    $$
    
  3. Multiply the probabilities to find the probability that both cubes are odd.

    $$
    P(\text{both are odd}) = P(\text{1st odd}) \times P(\text{2nd odd} | \text{1st odd})
    $$
    $$
    P(\text{both are odd}) = \frac{7}{13} \times \frac{1}{2}
    $$
    $$
    P(\text{both are odd}) = \frac{7}{26}
    $$
    The probability that both cubes are odd numbered is $\boxed{\frac{7}{26}}$.
    
    • b) What is the probability that only one is even numbered?

      This means one cube is even and the other is odd. There are two possible scenarios:
      Scenario 1: The first cube is even, and the second cube is odd.
      Scenario 2: The first cube is odd, and the second cube is even.

  4. Calculate the probability for Scenario 1 (1st Even, 2nd Odd).

    $$
    P(\text{1st Even}) = \frac{6}{13}
    $$
    After drawing one even cube, there are 7 odd cubes left and 12 total cubes remaining.
    $$
    P(\text{2nd Odd} | \text{1st Even}) = \frac{7}{12}
    $$
    $$
    P(\text{1st Even, 2nd Odd}) = \frac{6}{13} \times \frac{7}{12} = \frac{1}{13} \times \frac{7}{2} = \frac{7}{26}
    $$
    
  5. Calculate the probability for Scenario 2 (1st Odd, 2nd Even).

    $$
    P(\text{1st Odd}) = \frac{7}{13}
    $$
    After drawing one odd cube, there are 6 even cubes left and 12 total cubes remaining.
    $$
    P(\text{2nd Even} | \text{1st Odd}) = \frac{6}{12} = \frac{1}{2}
    $$
    $$
    P(\text{1st Odd, 2nd Even}) = \frac{7}{13} \times \frac{1}{2} = \frac{7}{26}
    $$
    
  6. Add the probabilities of the two scenarios.

    $$
    P(\text{only one is even}) = P(\text{1st Even, 2nd Odd}) + P(\text{1st Odd, 2nd Even})
    $$
    $$
    P(\text{only one is even}) = \frac{7}{26} + \frac{7}{26}
    $$
    $$
    P(\text{only one is even}) = \frac{14}{26} = \frac{7}{13}
    $$
    The probability that only one cube is even numbered is $\boxed{\frac{7}{13}}$.
    
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