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Calculate the average gradient of f(x) = -2x3 between x = -1 and x = 3, and find the derivative of f(x) using first principles.

Mathematics

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Answer

−14\mathbf{-14}

−6x2\mathbf{-6x^2}

−6\mathbf{-6}

Graph of f(x) = −2x³

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Key points of f(x) = −2x³
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Step-by-step solution

8 steps
  1. Calculate the function values at x=−1x = -1 and x=3x = 3.

    Given f(x)=−2x3f(x) = -2x^3.
    For x=−1x = -1:

    f(−1)=−2(−1)3=−2(−1)=2f(-1) = -2(-1)^3 = -2(-1) = 2

    For x=3x = 3:

    f(3)=−2(3)3=−2(27)=−54f(3) = -2(3)^3 = -2(27) = -54
  2. Apply the formula for the average gradient.

    The average gradient is given by f(x2)−f(x1)x2−x1\frac{f(x_2) - f(x_1)}{x_2 - x_1}.

    Average gradient=f(3)−f(−1)3−(−1)=−54−23+1=−564\text{Average gradient} = \frac{f(3) - f(-1)}{3 - (-1)} = \frac{-54 - 2}{3 + 1} = \frac{-56}{4} Average gradient=−14\text{Average gradient} = -14

    The average gradient between x=−1x = -1 and x=3x = 3 is −14\boxed{\mathbf{-14}}.

  3. Write down the definition of the derivative from first principles.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→0f(x+h)−f(x)hf'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}
  4. Find f(x+h)f(x+h).

    Given f(x)=−2x3f(x) = -2x^3.

    f(x+h)=−2(x+h)3f(x+h) = -2(x+h)^3

    Expand (x+h)3(x+h)^3:

    (x+h)3=x3+3x2h+3xh2+h3(x+h)^3 = x^3 + 3x^2h + 3xh^2 + h^3

    Substitute this back into f(x+h)f(x+h):

    f(x+h)=−2(x3+3x2h+3xh2+h3)=−2x3−6x2h−6xh2−2h3f(x+h) = -2(x^3 + 3x^2h + 3xh^2 + h^3) = -2x^3 - 6x^2h - 6xh^2 - 2h^3
  5. Calculate f(x+h)−f(x)f(x+h) - f(x).

    f(x+h)−f(x)=(−2x3−6x2h−6xh2−2h3)−(−2x3)f(x+h) - f(x) = (-2x^3 - 6x^2h - 6xh^2 - 2h^3) - (-2x^3) f(x+h)−f(x)=−2x3−6x2h−6xh2−2h3+2x3f(x+h) - f(x) = -2x^3 - 6x^2h - 6xh^2 - 2h^3 + 2x^3 f(x+h)−f(x)=−6x2h−6xh2−2h3f(x+h) - f(x) = -6x^2h - 6xh^2 - 2h^3
  6. Divide by hh and simplify.

    f(x+h)−f(x)h=−6x2h−6xh2−2h3h\frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h} = \frac{-6x^2h - 6xh^2 - 2h^3}{h}

    Factor out hh from the numerator:

    h(−6x2−6xh−2h2)h=−6x2−6xh−2h2\frac{h(-6x^2 - 6xh - 2h^2)}{h} = -6x^2 - 6xh - 2h^2
  7. Take the limit as h→0h \to 0.

    f′(x)=lim⁡h→0(−6x2−6xh−2h2)f'(x) = \lim_{h \to 0} (-6x^2 - 6xh - 2h^2)

    Substitute h=0h=0:

    f′(x)=−6x2−6x(0)−2(0)2f'(x) = -6x^2 - 6x(0) - 2(0)^2 f′(x)=−6x2f'(x) = -6x^2

    The derivative f′(x)f'(x) from first principles is −6x2\boxed{\mathbf{-6x^2}}.

  8. Use the result from 1.1.2, which is f′(x)=−6x2f'(x) = -6x^2.

    Substitute x=−1x = -1 into the derivative function:

    f′(−1)=−6(−1)2f'(-1) = -6(-1)^2 f′(−1)=−6(1)f'(-1) = -6(1) f′(−1)=−6f'(-1) = -6

    The value of f′(−1)f'(-1) is −6\boxed{\mathbf{-6}}.

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