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Draw the truth table for each of the propositions p q and p q and show that they are identical. Also, given that ^-1(x) = alpha and ^-1(x) = beta, show that (alpha + beta) = 1.

Mathematics

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Answer

2

ln⁡∣x−1∣−12ln⁡(x2+1)+C\ln|x-1| - \frac{1}{2}\ln(x^2+1) + C

arctan⁡(sin⁡x)+C\arctan(\sin x) + C

e3x(3x+5)9+C\frac{e^{3x}(3x+5)}{9} + C

Step-by-step solution

17 steps

Here are the solutions to the problems:

3. (i) Draw the truth table for each of the propositions p  ⟹  qp \implies q and ∼p∨q\sim p \lor q and show that they are identical.

Step 1: Create a truth table for pp and qq.

Step 2: Determine the truth values for p  ⟹  qp \implies q.

Step 3: Determine the truth values for ∼p\sim p.

Step 4: Determine the truth values for ∼p∨q\sim p \lor q.

Step 5: Compare the columns for p  ⟹  qp \implies q and ∼p∨q\sim p \lor q.

pqp  ⟹  q∼p∼p∨qTTTFTTFFFFFTTTTFFTTT\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline p & q & p \implies q & \sim p & \sim p \lor q \\ \hline T & T & T & F & T \\ T & F & F & F & F \\ F & T & T & T & T \\ F & F & T & T & T \\ \hline \end{array}

The columns for p  ⟹  qp \implies q and ∼p∨q\sim p \lor q are identical, which shows that the two propositions are equivalent.

3. (ii) Given that sin⁡−1(x)=α\sin^{-1}(x) = \alpha and cos⁡−1(x)=β\cos^{-1}(x) = \beta, show that sin⁡(α+β)=1\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1.

Step 1: Use the property of inverse trigonometric functions.
We know that for any x∈[−1,1]x \in [-1, 1], the sum of sin⁡−1(x)\sin^{-1}(x) and cos⁡−1(x)\cos^{-1}(x) is π2\frac{\pi}{2}.

Step 2: Substitute the given values into the identity.
Given sin⁡−1(x)=α\sin^{-1}(x) = \alpha and cos⁡−1(x)=β\cos^{-1}(x) = \beta, we have:

α+β=π2\alpha + \beta = \frac{\pi}{2}

Step 3: Calculate sin⁡(α+β)\sin(\alpha + \beta).

sin⁡(α+β)=sin⁡(π2)\sin(\alpha + \beta) = \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)

Step 4: Evaluate the sine function.

sin⁡(π2)=1\sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) = 1

Thus, sin⁡(α+β)=1\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1.

4. (i) The function ff is given by f(x)=x+1(x−1)(x2+1)f(x) = \frac{x+1}{(x-1)(x^2+1)}. Express f(x)f(x) in partial fractions. Hence find ∫f(x) dx\int f(x)\,dx.

Part 1· 4 steps

Partial Fractions

  1. Set up the partial fraction decomposition.

    x+1(x−1)(x2+1)=Ax−1+Bx+Cx2+1\frac{x+1}{(x-1)(x^2+1)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{Bx+C}{x^2+1}
  2. Multiply by the common denominator (x−1)(x2+1)(x-1)(x^2+1).

    x+1=A(x2+1)+(Bx+C)(x−1)x+1 = A(x^2+1) + (Bx+C)(x-1)
  3. Solve for A, B, and C.

    Substitute x=1x=1:

    1+1=A(12+1)+(B(1)+C)(1−1)1+1 = A(1^2+1) + (B(1)+C)(1-1) 2=2A  ⟹  A=12 = 2A \implies A = 1

    Expand the equation:

    x+1=Ax2+A+Bx2−Bx+Cx−Cx+1 = Ax^2+A + Bx^2-Bx+Cx-C x+1=(A+B)x2+(−B+C)x+(A−C)x+1 = (A+B)x^2 + (-B+C)x + (A-C)

    Equate coefficients:
    Coefficient of x2x^2: 0=A+B  ⟹  0=1+B  ⟹  B=−10 = A+B \implies 0 = 1+B \implies B = -1
    Coefficient of xx: 1=−B+C  ⟹  1=−(−1)+C  ⟹  1=1+C  ⟹  C=01 = -B+C \implies 1 = -(-1)+C \implies 1 = 1+C \implies C = 0
    Constant term: 1=A−C  ⟹  1=1−0  ⟹  1=11 = A-C \implies 1 = 1-0 \implies 1 = 1 (consistent)

  4. Write the partial fraction decomposition.

    f(x)=1x−1+−x+0x2+1=1x−1−xx2+1f(x) = \frac{1}{x-1} + \frac{-x+0}{x^2+1} = \frac{1}{x-1} - \frac{x}{x^2+1}

Part 2

ln⁡∣x−1∣−12ln⁡(x2+1)+C\ln|x-1| - \frac{1}{2}\ln(x^2+1) + C

Integration

  1. Integrate each term.

    ∫f(x) dx=∫(1x−1−xx2+1) dx\int f(x)\,dx = \int \left(\frac{1}{x-1} - \frac{x}{x^2+1}\right)\,dx ∫1x−1 dx−∫xx2+1 dx\int \frac{1}{x-1}\,dx - \int \frac{x}{x^2+1}\,dx

    The first integral is ln⁡∣x−1∣\ln|x-1|.
    For the second integral, let u=x2+1u = x^2+1, then du=2x dxdu = 2x\,dx, so x dx=12 dux\,dx = \frac{1}{2}\,du.

    ∫xx2+1 dx=∫1u⋅12 du=12∫1u du=12ln⁡∣u∣+C=12ln⁡(x2+1)+C\int \frac{x}{x^2+1}\,dx = \int \frac{1}{u} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\,du = \frac{1}{2} \int \frac{1}{u}\,du = \frac{1}{2}\ln|u| + C = \frac{1}{2}\ln(x^2+1) + C
  2. Combine the results.

    ∫f(x) dx=ln⁡∣x−1∣−12ln⁡(x2+1)+C\int f(x)\,dx = \ln|x-1| - \frac{1}{2}\ln(x^2+1) + C

    The final answer is ln⁡∣x−1∣−12ln⁡(x2+1)+C\boxed{\ln|x-1| - \frac{1}{2}\ln(x^2+1) + C}.

    4. (ii) By using the substitution u=sin⁡xu = \sin x, find ∫(cos⁡x1+sin⁡2x) dx\int \left(\frac{\cos x}{1+\sin^2 x}\right)\,dx.

  3. Define the substitution.

    Let u=sin⁡xu = \sin x.

  4. Find dudu.

    Differentiating uu with respect to xx gives du=cos⁡x dxdu = \cos x\,dx.

  5. Substitute uu and dudu into the integral.

    ∫cos⁡x1+sin⁡2x dx=∫11+u2 du\int \frac{\cos x}{1+\sin^2 x}\,dx = \int \frac{1}{1+u^2}\,du
  6. Evaluate the resulting integral.

    This is a standard integral:

    ∫11+u2 du=arctan⁡(u)+C\int \frac{1}{1+u^2}\,du = \arctan(u) + C
  7. Substitute back u=sin⁡xu = \sin x.

    arctan⁡(sin⁡x)+C\arctan(\sin x) + C

    The final answer is arctan⁡(sin⁡x)+C\boxed{\arctan(\sin x) + C}.

    4. (iii) Find ∫(x+2)e3x dx\int (x+2)e^{3x}\,dx.

  8. Use integration by parts, ∫u dv=uv−∫v du\int u\,dv = uv - \int v\,du.

  9. Choose uu and dvdv.

    Let u=x+2u = x+2 and dv=e3x dxdv = e^{3x}\,dx.

  10. Find dudu and vv.

    Differentiate uu: du=1 dxdu = 1\,dx.
    Integrate dvdv: v=∫e3x dx=13e3xv = \int e^{3x}\,dx = \frac{1}{3}e^{3x}.

  11. Apply the integration by parts formula.

    ∫(x+2)e3x dx=(x+2)(13e3x)−∫(13e3x)(1) dx\int (x+2)e^{3x}\,dx = (x+2)\left(\frac{1}{3}e^{3x}\right) - \int \left(\frac{1}{3}e^{3x}\right)(1)\,dx =13(x+2)e3x−13∫e3x dx= \frac{1}{3}(x+2)e^{3x} - \frac{1}{3}\int e^{3x}\,dx
  12. Evaluate the remaining integral.

    13(x+2)e3x−13(13e3x)+C\frac{1}{3}(x+2)e^{3x} - \frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{3}e^{3x}\right) + C
  13. Simplify the expression.

    =13(x+2)e3x−19e3x+C= \frac{1}{3}(x+2)e^{3x} - \frac{1}{9}e^{3x} + C

    You can also factor out e3xe^{3x}:

    =e3x(13(x+2)−19)+C= e^{3x}\left(\frac{1}{3}(x+2) - \frac{1}{9}\right) + C =e3x(3(x+2)−19)+C= e^{3x}\left(\frac{3(x+2) - 1}{9}\right) + C =e3x(3x+6−19)+C= e^{3x}\left(\frac{3x+6 - 1}{9}\right) + C =e3x(3x+5)9+C= \frac{e^{3x}(3x+5)}{9} + C

    The final answer is e3x(3x+5)9+C\boxed{\frac{e^{3x}(3x+5)}{9} + C}.

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