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Evaluate the integral integral27 (1)/((x+1)sqrt(x+2)) dx.

Mathematics

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Answer

ln⁡32\ln\frac{3}{2}

Step-by-step solution

6 steps
  1. Apply substitution.

    Let u=x+2u = \sqrt{x+2}.
    Then u2=x+2u^2 = x+2, which means x=u2−2x = u^2 - 2.
    From this, x+1=(u2−2)+1=u2−1x+1 = (u^2 - 2) + 1 = u^2 - 1.
    Differentiating u2=x+2u^2 = x+2 with respect to xx, we get 2u du=dx2u\,du = dx.

  2. Change the limits of integration.

    When x=2x=2, u=2+2=4=2u = \sqrt{2+2} = \sqrt{4} = 2.
    When x=7x=7, u=7+2=9=3u = \sqrt{7+2} = \sqrt{9} = 3.

  3. Rewrite the integral in terms of uu.

    ∫271(x+1)x+2 dx=∫231(u2−1)u(2u du)\int_{2}^{7} \frac{1}{(x+1)\sqrt{x+2}}\,dx = \int_{2}^{3} \frac{1}{(u^2-1)u} (2u\,du) =∫232uu(u2−1) du= \int_{2}^{3} \frac{2u}{u(u^2-1)}\,du =∫232u2−1 du= \int_{2}^{3} \frac{2}{u^2-1}\,du
  4. Perform partial fraction decomposition for the integrand.

    2u2−1=2(u−1)(u+1)\frac{2}{u^2-1} = \frac{2}{(u-1)(u+1)}

    Let 2(u−1)(u+1)=Au−1+Bu+1\frac{2}{(u-1)(u+1)} = \frac{A}{u-1} + \frac{B}{u+1}.
    Multiplying by (u−1)(u+1)(u-1)(u+1) gives:

    2=A(u+1)+B(u−1)2 = A(u+1) + B(u-1)

    Set u=1u=1: 2=A(1+1)+B(1−1)  ⟹  2=2A  ⟹  A=12 = A(1+1) + B(1-1) \implies 2 = 2A \implies A=1.
    Set u=−1u=-1: 2=A(−1+1)+B(−1−1)  ⟹  2=−2B  ⟹  B=−12 = A(-1+1) + B(-1-1) \implies 2 = -2B \implies B=-1.
    So, the integrand becomes:

    2u2−1=1u−1−1u+1\frac{2}{u^2-1} = \frac{1}{u-1} - \frac{1}{u+1}
  5. Integrate the decomposed expression.

    ∫23(1u−1−1u+1) du=[ln⁡∣u−1∣−ln⁡∣u+1∣]23\int_{2}^{3} \left(\frac{1}{u-1} - \frac{1}{u+1}\right)\,du = \left[\ln|u-1| - \ln|u+1|\right]_{2}^{3}

    Using the logarithm property ln⁡a−ln⁡b=ln⁡ab\ln a - \ln b = \ln \frac{a}{b}:

    =[ln⁡∣u−1u+1∣]23= \left[\ln\left|\frac{u-1}{u+1}\right|\right]_{2}^{3}
  6. Evaluate the definite integral using the limits.

    [ln⁡∣u−1u+1∣]23=ln⁡∣3−13+1∣−ln⁡∣2−12+1∣\left[\ln\left|\frac{u-1}{u+1}\right|\right]_{2}^{3} = \ln\left|\frac{3-1}{3+1}\right| - \ln\left|\frac{2-1}{2+1}\right| =ln⁡∣24∣−ln⁡∣13∣= \ln\left|\frac{2}{4}\right| - \ln\left|\frac{1}{3}\right| =ln⁡(12)−ln⁡(13)= \ln\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) - \ln\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)

    Again, using the logarithm property ln⁡a−ln⁡b=ln⁡ab\ln a - \ln b = \ln \frac{a}{b}:

    =ln⁡(1/21/3)= \ln\left(\frac{1/2}{1/3}\right) =ln⁡(12×31)= \ln\left(\frac{1}{2} \times \frac{3}{1}\right) =ln⁡(32)= \ln\left(\frac{3}{2}\right)

    The final answer is ln⁡32\ln\frac{3}{2}.

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