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Calculate lim x->0 (1/(sin x) - 1/x)

Mathematics

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Answer

A

Step-by-step solution

8 steps
  1. Evaluate the limit expression.

    The given limit is lim⁡x→0(1sin⁡x−1x)\lim_{x \to 0} \left(\frac{1}{\sin x} - \frac{1}{x}\right).
    First, combine the fractions by finding a common denominator:

    1sin⁡x−1x=x−sin⁡xxsin⁡x\frac{1}{\sin x} - \frac{1}{x} = \frac{x - \sin x}{x \sin x}

    As x→0x \to 0, the numerator x−sin⁡x→0−sin⁡(0)=0x - \sin x \to 0 - \sin(0) = 0, and the denominator xsin⁡x→0⋅sin⁡(0)=0x \sin x \to 0 \cdot \sin(0) = 0. This is an indeterminate form 00\frac{0}{0}, so we apply L'Hôpital's Rule.

  2. Apply L'Hôpital's Rule for the first time.

    We differentiate the numerator and the denominator with respect to xx:
    Derivative of numerator: ddx(x−sin⁡x)=1−cos⁡x\frac{d}{dx}(x - \sin x) = 1 - \cos x.
    Derivative of denominator: ddx(xsin⁡x)=1⋅sin⁡x+x⋅cos⁡x=sin⁡x+xcos⁡x\frac{d}{dx}(x \sin x) = 1 \cdot \sin x + x \cdot \cos x = \sin x + x \cos x.
    So the limit becomes:

    lim⁡x→01−cos⁡xsin⁡x+xcos⁡x\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 - \cos x}{\sin x + x \cos x}

    As x→0x \to 0, the new numerator 1−cos⁡x→1−cos⁡(0)=1−1=01 - \cos x \to 1 - \cos(0) = 1 - 1 = 0, and the new denominator sin⁡x+xcos⁡x→sin⁡(0)+0⋅cos⁡(0)=0+0=0\sin x + x \cos x \to \sin(0) + 0 \cdot \cos(0) = 0 + 0 = 0. This is still an indeterminate form 00\frac{0}{0}, so we apply L'Hôpital's Rule again.

  3. Apply L'Hôpital's Rule for the second time.

    We differentiate the new numerator and denominator with respect to xx:
    Derivative of numerator: ddx(1−cos⁡x)=sin⁡x\frac{d}{dx}(1 - \cos x) = \sin x.
    Derivative of denominator: ddx(sin⁡x+xcos⁡x)=cos⁡x+(1⋅cos⁡x+x⋅(−sin⁡x))=cos⁡x+cos⁡x−xsin⁡x=2cos⁡x−xsin⁡x\frac{d}{dx}(\sin x + x \cos x) = \cos x + (1 \cdot \cos x + x \cdot (-\sin x)) = \cos x + \cos x - x \sin x = 2 \cos x - x \sin x.
    So the limit becomes:

    lim⁡x→0sin⁡x2cos⁡x−xsin⁡x\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{2 \cos x - x \sin x}

    Now, substitute x=0x = 0 into the expression:

    sin⁡(0)2cos⁡(0)−0⋅sin⁡(0)=02⋅1−0=02=0\frac{\sin(0)}{2 \cos(0) - 0 \cdot \sin(0)} = \frac{0}{2 \cdot 1 - 0} = \frac{0}{2} = 0

    The limit is 0.

    The correct option is A.

    A) 0\boxed{\text{A) } 0}
  4. Calculate the product ABAB.

    Given matrices A=(13−1−253)A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 3 & -1 \\ -2 & 5 & 3 \end{pmatrix} and B=(524)B = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ 2 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}.
    To find ABAB, we multiply the rows of AA by the column of BB:

    AB=((1)(5)+(3)(2)+(−1)(4)(−2)(5)+(5)(2)+(3)(4))AB = \begin{pmatrix} (1)(5) + (3)(2) + (-1)(4) \\ (-2)(5) + (5)(2) + (3)(4) \end{pmatrix} AB=(5+6−4−10+10+12)AB = \begin{pmatrix} 5 + 6 - 4 \\ -10 + 10 + 12 \end{pmatrix} AB=(712)AB = \begin{pmatrix} 7 \\ 12 \end{pmatrix}
  5. Calculate the product $(AB)C$.

    Given AB=(712)AB = \begin{pmatrix} 7 \\ 12 \end{pmatrix} and C=(2 −3)C = (2 \ -3).
    To find (AB)C(AB)C, we multiply the 2×12 \times 1 matrix ABAB by the 1×21 \times 2 matrix CC. The result will be a 2×22 \times 2 matrix:

    (AB)C=(712)(2 −3)(AB)C = \begin{pmatrix} 7 \\ 12 \end{pmatrix} (2 \ -3) (AB)C=((7)(2)(7)(−3)(12)(2)(12)(−3))(AB)C = \begin{pmatrix} (7)(2) & (7)(-3) \\ (12)(2) & (12)(-3) \end{pmatrix} (AB)C=(14−2124−36)(AB)C = \begin{pmatrix} 14 & -21 \\ 24 & -36 \end{pmatrix}

    This matches option A.

    A) (14−2124−36)\boxed{\text{A) } \begin{pmatrix} 14 & -21 \\ 24 & -36 \end{pmatrix}}
  6. Recall the formula for the equation of a plane.

    The equation of a plane passing through a point P(x0,y0,z0)P(x_0, y_0, z_0) with a normal vector n=(abc)\mathbf{n} = \begin{pmatrix} a \\ b \\ c \end{pmatrix} is given by:

    a(x−x0)+b(y−y0)+c(z−z0)=0a(x - x_0) + b(y - y_0) + c(z - z_0) = 0
  7. Substitute the given values into the formula.

    Given point P(2,−1,−1)P(2, -1, -1), so x0=2x_0 = 2, y0=−1y_0 = -1, z0=−1z_0 = -1.
    Given normal vector n=(2−31)\mathbf{n} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -3 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, so a=2a = 2, b=−3b = -3, c=1c = 1.
    Substitute these values into the equation:

    2(x−2)+(−3)(y−(−1))+1(z−(−1))=02(x - 2) + (-3)(y - (-1)) + 1(z - (-1)) = 0 2(x−2)−3(y+1)+1(z+1)=02(x - 2) - 3(y + 1) + 1(z + 1) = 0
  8. Expand and simplify the equation.

    Distribute the coefficients:

    2x−4−3y−3+z+1=02x - 4 - 3y - 3 + z + 1 = 0

    Combine the constant terms:

    2x−3y+z+(−4−3+1)=02x - 3y + z + (-4 - 3 + 1) = 0 2x−3y+z−6=02x - 3y + z - 6 = 0

    The equation of the plane is 2x−3y+z−6=02x - 3y + z - 6 = 0.

    2x−3y+z−6=0\boxed{2x - 3y + z - 6 = 0}
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