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Lim_x->0 (sqrt(1+x2) - sqrt(1-x)) / x2

Mathematics

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Step-by-step solution

7 steps
  1. Check for indeterminate form by substituting x=0x=0 into the expression.

    Numerator: 1+02−1−0=1−1=1−1=0\sqrt{1+0^2} - \sqrt{1-0} = \sqrt{1} - \sqrt{1} = 1-1 = 0.
    Denominator: 02=00^2 = 0.
    Since the result is 00\frac{0}{0}, it is an indeterminate form, and further steps are needed.

  2. Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the numerator.

    The conjugate of 1+x2−1−x\sqrt{1+x^2} - \sqrt{1-x} is 1+x2+1−x\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x}.

    lim⁡x→0(1+x2−1−xx2×1+x2+1−x1+x2+1−x)\lim_{x \to 0} \left( \frac{\sqrt{1+x^2} - \sqrt{1-x}}{x^2} \times \frac{\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x}}{\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x}} \right)
  3. Simplify the numerator using the difference of squares formula, (a−b)(a+b)=a2−b2(a-b)(a+b) = a^2 - b^2.

    lim⁡x→0(1+x2)2−(1−x)2x2(1+x2+1−x)\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{(\sqrt{1+x^2})^2 - (\sqrt{1-x})^2}{x^2(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x})} lim⁡x→0(1+x2)−(1−x)x2(1+x2+1−x)\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{(1+x^2) - (1-x)}{x^2(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x})}
  4. Expand and simplify the numerator.

    lim⁡x→01+x2−1+xx2(1+x2+1−x)\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1+x^2 - 1 + x}{x^2(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x})} lim⁡x→0x2+xx2(1+x2+1−x)\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^2 + x}{x^2(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x})}
  5. Factor out xx from the numerator and cancel a common factor of xx with the denominator.

    lim⁡x→0x(x+1)x2(1+x2+1−x)\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x(x+1)}{x^2(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x})} lim⁡x→0x+1x(1+x2+1−x)\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x+1}{x(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x})}
  6. Evaluate the limit by substituting x=0x=0 into the simplified expression.

    Numerator: 0+1=10+1 = 1.
    Denominator: 0×(1+02+1−0)=0×(1+1)=0×(1+1)=0×2=00 \times (\sqrt{1+0^2} + \sqrt{1-0}) = 0 \times (\sqrt{1} + \sqrt{1}) = 0 \times (1+1) = 0 \times 2 = 0.
    The expression is of the form 10\frac{1}{0}, which indicates that the limit is either ∞\infty, −∞-\infty, or does not exist.

  7. Analyze the one-sided limits.

    The term (1+x2+1−x)(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x}) approaches 2 as x→0x \to 0, which is a positive value. The sign of the denominator is determined by the sign of xx.

    • As x→0+x \to 0^+ (x approaches 0 from the positive side), x>0x > 0. The denominator x(1+x2+1−x)x(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x}) approaches 0×2=00 \times 2 = 0 from the positive side (0+0^+). So, lim⁡x→0+x+1x(1+x2+1−x)=10+=+∞\lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{x+1}{x(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x})} = \frac{1}{0^+} = +\infty.

    • As x→0−x \to 0^- (x approaches 0 from the negative side), x<0x < 0. The denominator x(1+x2+1−x)x(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x}) approaches 0×2=00 \times 2 = 0 from the negative side (0−0^-). So, lim⁡x→0−x+1x(1+x2+1−x)=10−=−∞\lim_{x \to 0^-} \frac{x+1}{x(\sqrt{1+x^2} + \sqrt{1-x})} = \frac{1}{0^-} = -\infty.

    Since the left-hand limit (−∞-\infty) and the right-hand limit (+∞+\infty) are not equal, the limit does not exist.

    The final answer is The limit does not exist\boxed{\text{The limit does not exist}}.

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