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Evaluate the limit: lim x->0 (sqrt(x2+9)-3)/x2 and lim x->1 (e^(x-1)-1)/(x-1)2

Mathematics

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Answer

16\frac{1}{6}

12\frac{1}{2}

4

Step-by-step solution

13 steps
  1. Evaluate the limit by direct substitution.

    Substituting x=0x=0 into the expression gives:

    02+9−302=9−30=3−30=00\frac{\sqrt{0^2+9}-3}{0^2} = \frac{\sqrt{9}-3}{0} = \frac{3-3}{0} = \frac{0}{0}

    This is an indeterminate form, so we need to simplify the expression.

  2. Multiply by the conjugate.

    Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the numerator, which is x2+9+3\sqrt{x^2+9}+3:

    lim⁡x→0x2+9−3x2×x2+9+3x2+9+3\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sqrt{x^2+9}-3}{x^2} \times \frac{\sqrt{x^2+9}+3}{\sqrt{x^2+9}+3} =lim⁡x→0(x2+9)2−32x2(x2+9+3)= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{(\sqrt{x^2+9})^2 - 3^2}{x^2(\sqrt{x^2+9}+3)} =lim⁡x→0x2+9−9x2(x2+9+3)= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^2+9-9}{x^2(\sqrt{x^2+9}+3)} =lim⁡x→0x2x2(x2+9+3)= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^2}{x^2(\sqrt{x^2+9}+3)}
  3. Simplify the expression.

    Cancel out the x2x^2 term from the numerator and denominator (since x→0x \to 0, x≠0x \neq 0):

    =lim⁡x→01x2+9+3= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+9}+3}
  4. Evaluate the limit by direct substitution.

    Substitute x=0x=0 into the simplified expression:

    =102+9+3=19+3=13+3=16= \frac{1}{\sqrt{0^2+9}+3} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{9}+3} = \frac{1}{3+3} = \frac{1}{6}

    The limit is 16\boxed{\frac{1}{6}}.

  5. Evaluate the limit by direct substitution.

    Substituting x=1x=1 into the expression gives:

    e1−1−1(1−1)2=e0−102=1−10=00\frac{e^{1-1}-1}{(1-1)^2} = \frac{e^0-1}{0^2} = \frac{1-1}{0} = \frac{0}{0}

    This is an indeterminate form, so we can apply L'Hôpital's Rule.

  6. Apply L'Hôpital's Rule.

    Take the derivative of the numerator and the denominator:
    Numerator: ddx(ex−1−x)=ex−1⋅1−1=ex−1−1\frac{d}{dx}(e^{x-1}-x) = e^{x-1} \cdot 1 - 1 = e^{x-1}-1
    Denominator: ddx((x−1)2)=2(x−1)⋅1=2(x−1)\frac{d}{dx}((x-1)^2) = 2(x-1) \cdot 1 = 2(x-1)
    The limit becomes:

    lim⁡x→1ex−1−12(x−1)\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{e^{x-1}-1}{2(x-1)}
  7. Evaluate the limit again by direct substitution.

    Substituting x=1x=1 into the new expression gives:

    e1−1−12(1−1)=e0−10=1−10=00\frac{e^{1-1}-1}{2(1-1)} = \frac{e^0-1}{0} = \frac{1-1}{0} = \frac{0}{0}

    This is still an indeterminate form, so we apply L'Hôpital's Rule again.

  8. Apply L'Hôpital's Rule a second time.

    Take the derivative of the new numerator and denominator:
    Numerator: ddx(ex−1−1)=ex−1⋅1−0=ex−1\frac{d}{dx}(e^{x-1}-1) = e^{x-1} \cdot 1 - 0 = e^{x-1}
    Denominator: ddx(2(x−1))=2⋅1=2\frac{d}{dx}(2(x-1)) = 2 \cdot 1 = 2
    The limit becomes:

    lim⁡x→1ex−12\lim_{x \to 1} \frac{e^{x-1}}{2}
  9. Evaluate the limit by direct substitution.

    Substitute x=1x=1 into the expression:

    =e1−12=e02=12= \frac{e^{1-1}}{2} = \frac{e^0}{2} = \frac{1}{2}

    The limit is 12\boxed{\frac{1}{2}}.

  10. Evaluate the limit by direct substitution.

    Substituting x=4x=4 into the expression gives:

    4−44−2=02−2=00\frac{4-4}{\sqrt{4}-2} = \frac{0}{2-2} = \frac{0}{0}

    This is an indeterminate form, so we need to simplify the expression.

  11. Factor the numerator.

    Recognize that the numerator x−4x-4 can be written as a difference of squares, (x)2−22(\sqrt{x})^2 - 2^2:

    x−4=(x−2)(x+2)x-4 = (\sqrt{x}-2)(\sqrt{x}+2)

    Substitute this back into the limit expression:

    lim⁡x→4(x−2)(x+2)x−2\lim_{x \to 4} \frac{(\sqrt{x}-2)(\sqrt{x}+2)}{\sqrt{x}-2}
  12. Simplify the expression.

    Cancel out the common term (x−2)(\sqrt{x}-2) from the numerator and denominator (since x→4x \to 4, x≠2\sqrt{x} \neq 2):

    =lim⁡x→4(x+2)= \lim_{x \to 4} (\sqrt{x}+2)
  13. Evaluate the limit by direct substitution.

    Substitute x=4x=4 into the simplified expression:

    =4+2=2+2=4= \sqrt{4}+2 = 2+2 = 4

    The limit is 4\boxed{4}.

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