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Which of the following statements about natural numbers is/are true? I. Closed under addition & multiplication. II. Closed under subtraction. III. Every non-empty subset has a least element.

Mathematics

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Here's the solution to the question about natural numbers:

  1. Analyze statement I.

    Statement I says: "The set of natural numbers is closed under addition and multiplication."
    Natural numbers (usually {1,2,3,… }\{1, 2, 3, \dots\} or {0,1,2,3,… }\{0, 1, 2, 3, \dots\}) are closed under addition because the sum of any two natural numbers is always a natural number (e.g., 2+3=52+3=5). They are also closed under multiplication because the product of any two natural numbers is always a natural number (e.g., 2×3=62 \times 3=6).
    Therefore, statement I is correct.

  2. Analyze statement II.

    Statement II says: "The set of natural numbers is closed under subtraction."
    Closure under subtraction means that if you subtract any natural number from another, the result is always a natural number. This is not true. For example, 2 and 5 are natural numbers, but 2−5=−32-5 = -3, which is not a natural number.
    Therefore, statement II is incorrect.

  3. Analyze statement III.

    Statement III says: "Every non-empty subset of natural numbers has a least element."
    This is known as the Well-Ordering Principle for natural numbers. Any non-empty collection of natural numbers will always contain a smallest element. For example, in the set {10,5,15}\{10, 5, 15\}, the least element is 5.
    Therefore, statement III is correct.

  4. Determine the correct option.

    Statements I and III are correct, while statement II is incorrect.
    Comparing this with the given options:
    (A) Only I
    (B) I and II
    (C) I and III
    (D) II and III
    The option that includes only I and III is (C).

    The final answer is C\boxed{\text{C}}

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