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X is a continuous random variable with probability density function f(x). The f(x) is defined by a curve y = x²; 0 ≤ x ≤1 and a straight line as indicated on the diagram. (i) Find the value of h. (ii) Write down the mode. (iii) Find the lower quartile.

Mathematics

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3 parts
i

73\frac{7}{3}

iii
0.909
Graph of y = x²

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x-intercept00

Step-by-step solution

7 steps

Here's the solution to the problem:

Part i· 4 steps

Find the value of hh.

  1. Define the probability density function f(x)f(x) piecewise.

    For 0≤x≤10 \le x \le 1, f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2.
    For 1≤x≤h1 \le x \le h, the function is a straight line connecting (1,1)(1,1) and (h,0)(h,0).
    The equation of this line is f(x)=0−1h−1(x−h)=−(x−h)h−1=h−xh−1f(x) = \frac{0-1}{h-1}(x-h) = \frac{-(x-h)}{h-1} = \frac{h-x}{h-1}.

  2. Use the property that the total area under the probability density function must be 1.

    ∫0hf(x) dx=1\int_{0}^{h} f(x)\,dx = 1

    This integral can be split into two parts:

    ∫01x2 dx+∫1hh−xh−1 dx=1\int_{0}^{1} x^2\,dx + \int_{1}^{h} \frac{h-x}{h-1}\,dx = 1
  3. Evaluate the integrals.

    The first integral:

    ∫01x2 dx=[x33]01=133−033=13\int_{0}^{1} x^2\,dx = \left[\frac{x^3}{3}\right]_{0}^{1} = \frac{1^3}{3} - \frac{0^3}{3} = \frac{1}{3}

    The second integral represents the area of a triangle with base (h−1)(h-1) and height 1:

    ∫1hh−xh−1 dx=12×(h−1)×1=h−12\int_{1}^{h} \frac{h-x}{h-1}\,dx = \frac{1}{2} \times (h-1) \times 1 = \frac{h-1}{2}
  4. Solve for hh.

    13+h−12=1\frac{1}{3} + \frac{h-1}{2} = 1

    Multiply by 6 to clear the denominators:

    2+3(h−1)=62 + 3(h-1) = 6 2+3h−3=62 + 3h - 3 = 6 3h−1=63h - 1 = 6 3h=73h = 7 h=73h = \frac{7}{3}

    The value of hh is 73\boxed{\frac{7}{3}}.

Part ii1

Write down the mode.

The mode is the value of xx where the probability density function f(x)f(x) is at its maximum. From the diagram, the maximum value of f(x)f(x) occurs at x=1x=1.
The mode is 1\boxed{1}.

Part iii0.909

Find the lower quartile.

  1. Define the lower quartile Q1Q_1.

    The lower quartile Q1Q_1 is the value such that P(X≤Q1)=0.25P(X \le Q_1) = 0.25.
    This means ∫0Q1f(x) dx=0.25\int_{0}^{Q_1} f(x)\,dx = 0.25.

  2. Determine the interval for Q1Q_1.

    We know that ∫01f(x) dx=13≈0.333\int_{0}^{1} f(x)\,dx = \frac{1}{3} \approx 0.333.
    Since 0.25<130.25 < \frac{1}{3}, the lower quartile Q1Q_1 must lie in the interval 0≤x≤10 \le x \le 1.
    In this interval, f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2.

  3. Solve for Q1Q_1.

    ∫0Q1x2 dx=0.25\int_{0}^{Q_1} x^2\,dx = 0.25 [x33]0Q1=0.25\left[\frac{x^3}{3}\right]_{0}^{Q_1} = 0.25 Q133−0=0.25\frac{Q_1^3}{3} - 0 = 0.25 Q133=14\frac{Q_1^3}{3} = \frac{1}{4} Q13=34Q_1^3 = \frac{3}{4} Q1=343Q_1 = \sqrt[3]{\frac{3}{4}} Q1≈0.90856Q_1 \approx 0.90856

    Rounding to 3 significant figures, the lower quartile is 0.909\boxed{0.909}.

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