State 2 evidence that validate the molecular nature of matter

Here are two pieces of evidence that validate the molecular nature of matter:

• Diffusion is the process where particles spread out from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This phenomenon, observed in gases and liquids (e.g., the spreading of perfume in a room or ink in water), demonstrates that matter is made of tiny, constantly moving particles with spaces between them.

• Brownian motion is the random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) resulting from their collision with the fast-moving atoms or molecules in the fluid. This direct observation of jiggling particles (like pollen grains in water) provides strong evidence for the existence and constant motion of invisible molecules.