Mention the three states by which matter exists.

None of the three situations result in motional emf.

Step 1: Situation (a) – A positively charged dry cloth is rubbed on a piece of paper which is cut into the shape of a loop.
Rubbing produces static electric charge via friction (triboelectric effect). Placing the charged cloth near the paper loop causes electrostatic induction: opposite charges separate on the loop.
No magnetic field is present. No conductor motion in a magnetic field. No change in magnetic flux.
No motional emf ($\epsilon = 0$).

Step 2: Situation (b) – A charged loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field $\otimes$ (into the page).
The loop is stationary. Magnetic field is static and uniform.
Magnetic flux $\Phi_B = B \cdot A \cos 0^\circ = B A$ is constant (no motion, no change in $B$).
Faraday's law: induced emf $\epsilon = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} = 0$.
Charge on loop does not produce emf. No velocity $\mathbf{v}$.
No motional emf ($\epsilon = 0$).

Step 3: Situation (c) – The page (loop) on which writing is done is moving towards north.
Earth's magnetic field: horizontal component $B_h \approx 0.3$–$0.4$ gauss towards magnetic north; vertical component $B_v$ downward. Field approximately uniform over small loop.
Loop translates with velocity $\mathbf{v}$ towards north (parallel to $B_h$).
For translational motion of rigid loop in uniform $\mathbf{B}$, magnetic flux $\Phi_B$ constant (area and $B_\perp$ unchanged).
Motional emf $\epsilon = \oint (v \times B) \cdot dl = 0$ (closed path, conservative field).
No motional emf ($\epsilon = 0$).

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