This physics problem tests your understanding of fundamental physical laws and their applications. The step-by-step solution below breaks down the problem using relevant equations and physical reasoning.
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Step 1: Answer Question 1. Fish can survive under frozen pond surfaces due to the anomalous expansion of water. Water is densest at 4^ C. As the surface of a pond freezes, the colder, less dense water (0^ C to 4^ C) remains at the top, eventually freezing. The denser water at 4^ C sinks to the bottom, forming a layer of liquid water where fish can survive. Step 2: Answer Question 2i. The pitch of a micrometer screw gauge is the distance moved by the spindle for one complete rotation of the thimble. A standard micrometer with 50 divisions on the thimble typically has a pitch of 0.5 mm. The pitch of the gauge is 0.5 mm. Step 3: Answer Question 2ii. First, determine the observed reading from the micrometer scale. Main scale reading: The last visible mark on the main scale is 10 mm. The 0.5 mm mark after 10 mm is also visible. Main scale reading = 10.5 mm. Thimble scale reading: The line on the main scale aligns with the 37^th division on the thimble scale. Thimble scale reading = 37. Least count of the micrometer: Least Count = PitchNumber of divisions on thimble = 0.5 mm50 = 0.01 mm Observed reading: Observed Reading = Main Scale Reading + (Thimble Scale Reading × Least Count) Observed Reading = 10.5 mm + (37 × 0.01 mm) Observed Reading = 10.5 mm + 0.37 mm = 10.87 mm Given positive error: Zero Error = +0.014 cm = +0.14 mm Correct reading: Correct Reading = Observed Reading - Zero Error Correct Reading = 10.87 mm - 0.14 mm Correct Reading = 10.73 mm Converting to centimeters: Correct Reading = 10.73 mm × 1 cm10 mm = 1.073 cm The correct reading on the scale is 1.073 cm. Step 4: Answer Question 3. When liquid soap is introduced into the water drop, the surface tension of the water decreases. Surface tension is responsible for holding the water drop in a spherical shape. With reduced surface tension, the cohesive forces within the drop become weaker, causing the drop to spread out and become flatter on the surface. Send me the next one 📸