The image you provided outlines objectives for reflection of light at plane and curved surfaces, not refraction. I will generate notes based on the objectives for reflection as stated in the image. Here are notes for the UTME exam on Reflection of Light at Plane and Curved Surfaces: i. Laws of Reflection: The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal* to the surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. The angle of incidence ($\theta_i$) is equal to the angle of reflection* ($\theta_r$). That is, $\theta_i = \theta_r$. ii. Image Formation by Mirrors: Plane Mirror: Forms a virtual, erect, and laterally inverted* image that is the same size as the object and located as far behind the mirror as the object is in front. Concave Mirror: Can form both real and virtual images, depending on the object's position. Real images are inverted, while virtual images are erect and magnified*. Convex Mirror: Always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished* image, located behind the mirror between the pole and the principal focus. iii. Mirror Formula: The relationship between object distance ($u$), image distance ($v$), and focal length ($f$) for spherical mirrors is given by: $$ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{u} + \frac{1}{v} $$ Sign Conventions (Cartesian): Distances measured in the direction of incident light are positive; opposite are negative. Distances above the principal axis are positive; below are negative. For concave mirrors, $f$ is positive. For convex mirrors, $f$ is negative. Real objects and real images have positive $u$ and $v$ respectively. Virtual images have negative $v$. iv. Linear Magnification: Linear magnification ($M$) is the ratio of the height of the image ($h_i$) to the height of the object ($h_o$), and also the ratio of the image distance ($v$) to the object distance ($u$): $$ M = \frac{h_i}{h_o} = -\frac{v}{u} $$ If $M > 1$, the image is magnified. If $M < 1$, the image is diminished. If $M = 1$, the image is the same size. If $M$ is positive, the image is erect (virtual). If $M$ is negative, the image is inverted (real). v. Applications of Reflection: Periscope: Uses two plane mirrors (or prisms) arranged parallel to each other at a 45-degree angle to allow viewing over, around, or through an obstacle. Light reflects off the first mirror, then off the second, to the observer's eye. Kaleidoscope: Consists of multiple mirrors (usually three) arranged at an angle to each other, creating multiple reflections of objects (often colored beads or pieces of glass) to form symmetrical patterns. Sextant: An instrument used to measure the angle between two objects, typically the horizon and a celestial body (like the sun or a star), for navigation. It uses mirrors to bring the image of the celestial body into coincidence with the horizon.