Identify the two types of earthquake waves. Describe the two ways through which the strength of an earthquake…

Question

Identify the two types of earthquake waves. Describe the two ways through which the strength of an earthquake is measured.

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(a) (i) A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals. (ii) Granite Gabbro (b) (i) Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks Step 1: Physical/mechanical weathering breaks down pre-existing rocks into fragments. Step 2: Fragments are transported by agents such as running water, wind or ice. Step 3: Fragments are deposited when transporting agent loses energy (e.g. in lakes, deserts). Step 4: Sediments undergo compaction under weight of overlying materials. Step 5: Cementation occurs as minerals from water precipitate between fragments, binding them together. (ii) Organically formed sedimentary rocks Step 1: Remains of plants and animals (e.g. shells, coral) accumulate in layers. Step 2: The remains undergo partial decay. Step 3: Layers are compacted by weight of overlying materials. Step 4: Cementation binds the remains together into solid rock. (c) Characteristics of rocks studied within the local environment (e.g. volcanic rocks in Rift Valley): Dark coloured Contain vesicles (gas bubbles) Fine to medium grain size Interbedded with ash layers (d) (i) Three methods: 1. Field observation and sketching 2. Collection and examination of hand specimens 3. Microscopic examination of thin sections (ii) Three problems: 1. Rocks may be weathered and altered 2. Some sites may be inaccessible 3. Lack of suitable equipment (e) (i) Two economic uses: 1. Source of building materials (e.g. limestone, sandstone) 2. Source of metals (e.g. iron ore from haematite) (ii) Body waves Surface waves (f) (i) Two ways: 1. Richter scale - measures magnitude/energy released at source (logarithmic scale). 2. Mercalli scale - measures intensity/effects on surface (I to XII scale based on damage observed).

Identify the two types of earthquake waves. Describe the two ways through which the strength of an earthquake is measured.

Step-by-step solution

Part a(ii)

Part b· 5 steps

Physical/mechanical weathering breaks down pre-existing rocks into fragments.

Fragments are transported by agents such as running water, wind or ice.

Fragments are deposited when transporting agent loses energy (e.g. in lakes, deserts).

Sediments undergo compaction under weight of overlying materials.

Cementation occurs as minerals from water precipitate between fragments, binding them together.

Part b(ii)· 4 steps

Remains of plants and animals (e.g. shells, coral) accumulate in layers.

The remains undergo partial decay.

Layers are compacted by weight of overlying materials.

Cementation binds the remains together into solid rock.

Part c

Part d(ii)

Part e(ii)

Part f

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