Which of the following comes under the category of random error? (A) Calibration error (B) Misalignment error (C) Parallax error

Here are the solutions to your questions:

1. Which of the following comes under the category of random error?

Random errors are unpredictable fluctuations in the readings of a measuring instrument or in the experimenter's interpretation of the reading. They can be reduced by taking multiple readings and finding the average.

• (A) Calibration error is a systematic error (instrument error).
• (B) Misalignment error is a systematic error (experimental setup error).
• (C) Parallax error is an observational error. While it can be systematic if the observer consistently reads from the same incorrect angle, the slight, unpredictable variations in eye position during repeated measurements can lead to random fluctuations in the readings.