SECTION B. (60 MARKS) Answer any THREE questions in this section. 11. Transducers and electrical instruments are fundamental to the measurement and control of electrical quantities.

Hii hapa ni orodha ya transducers sita, kiasi cha kimwili wanachopima, na kama ni input au output transducer:

• Thermocouple: Hupima joto. Ni input transducer (hubadilisha nishati ya joto kuwa nishati ya umeme).
• Loudspeaker: Hubadilisha ishara ya umeme kuwa sauti. Ni output transducer.
• Piezoelectric sensor: Hupima shinikizo au nguvu. Ni input transducer (hubadilisha nishati ya mitambo kuwa nishati ya umeme).
• Microphone: Hupima sauti. Ni input transducer (hubadilisha nishati ya sauti kuwa nishati ya umeme).
• Strain gauge: Hupima mkazo au nguvu. Ni input transducer (hubadilisha mabadiliko ya umbo kuwa mabadiliko ya upinzani wa umeme).
• Electric motor: Hubadilisha nishati ya umeme kuwa mwendo wa mitambo. Ni output transducer.