Calculate specific heat capacity and upthrust force using calorimetry and Archimedes' principle.

The heat lost by the hot water and plastic cup is equal to the heat gained by liquid B.

where $m$ is mass, $c$ is specific heat capacity, and $\Delta T$ is the change in temperature. Subscripts $h$, $B$, and $c$ refer to hot water, liquid B, and the plastic cup (calorimeter), respectively.

Measure the mass of hot water ($m_h$), the mass of liquid B ($m_B$), and the mass of the plastic cup ($m_c$). Record the initial and final temperatures of the hot water and liquid B to determine $\Delta T_h$ and $\Delta T_B$. The specific heat capacity of water ($c_h$) and the plastic cup ($c_c$) are known values.

Rearrange the formula to solve for $c_B$:

Substitute the measured values to find the specific heat capacity of liquid B.
The final answer will be in units of $\text{J kg}^{-1} \text{K}^{-1}$ or $\text{J kg}^{-1} \text{°C}^{-1}$.

Station 2: Determination of the Upthrust Force on a Mass Using a Helical Spring

The upthrust force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. This can be determined by finding the difference between the object's weight in air and its apparent weight when submerged in water.

Using the spring balance, measure the weight of the stone in air ($W_{air}$). Then, fully submerge the stone in water and measure its apparent weight ($W_{water}$) using the spring balance.

The upthrust force ($F_U$) is given by:

Substitute the measured weights to find the upthrust force.
The final answer will be in units of Newtons ($\text{N}$).

Station 3: Distinguishing Between a Magnet, a Ferromagnetic Material and a Non-Magnetic Material

Bring the plotting compass near each bar (P, Q, and R) without opening them. Observe how the compass needle reacts.

• If the compass needle is attracted to one end and repelled by the other end of the bar, the bar is a magnet.
• If the compass needle is attracted to the bar but not repelled by any end, the bar is a ferromagnetic material (e.g., iron, nickel, cobalt).
• If the compass needle is unaffected by the bar, the bar is a non-magnetic material.

Station 4: Comparing Electrical Resistances

The resistance ($R$) of a wire is given by:

where $\rho$ is the resistivity of the material, $L$ is the length of the wire, and $A$ is its cross-sectional area. The cross-sectional area of a circular wire is $A = \pi \left(\frac{d}{2}\right)^2$, where $d$ is the diameter.

Using the meter rule, measure the length of wire X ($L_X$) and wire Y ($L_Y$). Using the micrometer screw gauge, measure the diameter of wire X ($d_X$) and wire Y ($d_Y$).

Since both wires are copper, their resistivity ($\rho$) is the same. The ratio of their resistances is:

Substitute $A = \pi \left(\frac{d}{2}\right)^2$:

Substitute the measured lengths and diameters to find the ratio.
The final answer will be a dimensionless ratio.