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What are the definitions and examples related to time measurement and motion?
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- A sand clock is also known as the hourglass.
- Speed is the distance travelled by an object per unit time.
- A sundial is based on the position and length of the shadow cast by an object.
Match the following:
- Christian Huygens - c) Pendulum clock
- Explanation: Christian Huygens is credited with inventing the pendulum clock.
- Jantar Mantar - a) Sundial
- Explanation: Jantar Mantar observatories contain large astronomical instruments, including massive sundials.
- Speedometer - d) Speed in kilometre per hour
- Explanation: A speedometer measures the instantaneous speed of a vehicle, often displayed in km/h.
- Leap year - b) 366 days
- Explanation: A leap year has 366 days, with an extra day in February.
- Sand glass - e) Flow of sand
- Explanation: A sand glass (or hourglass) measures time by the flow of sand from one bulb to another.
Answer the following questions:
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What do you mean by time period of a pendulum? The time period of a pendulum is the time taken for one complete oscillation (one swing back and forth). It is usually measured in seconds.
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State the principles of Pendulum. The principles of a simple pendulum are:
- The time period of a simple pendulum is independent of the mass of the bob.
- The time period is independent of the amplitude of oscillation, provided the amplitude is small.
- The time period is directly proportional to the square root of its effective length.
- The time period is inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration due to gravity.
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A simple pendulum takes 30 seconds to complete 20 oscillations. What is its time period?
Identify the given values.
Total time taken $= 30 \text{ s}$ Number of oscillations $= 20$Use the formula for time period.
Time period $(\text{T}) = \frac{\text{Total time taken}}{\text{Number of oscillations}}$Substitute the values and calculate.
$$ \text{T} = \frac{30 \text{ s}}{20} $$ $$ \text{T} = 1.5 \text{ s} $$ The time period of the pendulum is $\boxed{\text{1.5 s}}$.4. Draw a typical distance-time graph for uniform motion. For uniform motion, the distance-time graph is a straight line passing through the origin with a positive slope. This indicates that equal distances are covered in equal intervals of time.
``` Distance (m) ^ | / | / | / |/ +----------------> Time (s) ```5. Define speed. Speed is defined as the rate at which an object covers distance. It is a scalar quantity, meaning it only has magnitude and no direction.
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What is the difference between uniform and non-uniform motion?
- In uniform motion, an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. Its speed remains constant.
- In non-uniform motion, an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, or equal distances in unequal intervals of time. Its speed changes over time.
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A truck travels 540 km, in 4.5 hrs. Find the speed of truck.
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Identify the given values.
Distance traveled $= 540 \text{ km}$ Time taken $= 4.5 \text{ hrs}$Use the formula for speed.
Speed $= \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}}$Substitute the values and calculate.
$$ \text{Speed} = \frac{540 \text{ km}}{4.5 \text{ hrs}} $$ $$ \text{Speed} = 120 \text{ km/hr} $$ The speed of the truck is $\boxed{\text{120 km/hr}}$.8. How does a sand clock work? A sand clock (or hourglass) works by using the flow of a granular material, typically sand, from an upper bulb to a lower bulb through a narrow neck. The time it takes for all the sand to flow from the top to the bottom is a fixed duration, which is used to measure time. When all the sand has flowed, the clock can be inverted to start timing again.
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