Describe the transfer of heat and calculate the specific heat capacity of a solid.

ngwaemeldaayeng, let's knock this out. Here are the solutions to your questions: Question 9 (a) a) i) What kinds of materials are P and Q made of? Give an example of each. • P is a good thermal conductor because it becomes hot quickly. An example is copper. • Q is a poor thermal conductor (or insulator) because it burns, indicating it doesn't transfer heat well to the hand. An example is wood. a) ii) What is the method by which heat was transferred through the solid? The method of heat transfer through a solid is conduction. a) iii) Name two other ways by which heat can be transferred. The two other ways are convection and radiation. Question 9 (b) b) i) Define specific heat capacity. Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin). b) ii) How much heat was supplied to the solid within this time? (assume no heat was lost to surrounding) Step 1: Convert time to seconds. Time = 2 \, minutes = 2 × 60 \, s = 120 \, s Step 2: Calculate the heat supplied using the power and time. Heat supplied (Q) = Power (P) × Time (t) Q = 100 \, W × 120 \, s Q = 12000 \, J b) iii) Determine the specific heat capacity 'c' of the solid. Step 1: Calculate the change in temperature. T = 65^ C - 25^ C = 40^ C Step 2: Use the formula Q = mc T to find c. c = (Q)/(m T) c = 12000 \, J0.5 \, kg × 40^ C c = 12000 \, J20 \, kg^ C c = 600 \, J kg^-1 ^ C^-1 b) iv) Give the use of a named metal because of its low specific heat capacity. A metal with low specific heat capacity heats up quickly. Copper is used in soldering iron tips because it heats up rapidly. Question 9 (c) c) i) Define steam point. The steam point is the temperature at which pure water boils at standard atmospheric pressure. c) ii) Give the values of steam point on the Celsius and the Kelvin scales. • On the Celsius scale, the steam point is 100^ C. • On the Kelvin scale, the steam point is 373.15 \, K. Question 9 (d) d) i) What kind of materials are they made of? Give one example of each. • The metal producing tracts is radioactive. An example is Uranium. • The other metal is non-radioactive. An example is Iron. d) ii) What kind of radiation is producing the tracts described above? The short, thick, and straight tracts are characteristic of alpha () radiation. d) iii) Name two other possible radiations that could also be emitted. The two other possible radiations are beta () radiation and gamma () radiation. Question 9 (e) e) i) Define the term transmutation. Transmutation is the process by which an atom of one chemical element is transformed into an atom of another chemical element, typically through nuclear decay or nuclear reactions. e) ii) Name two types of particles that make up the nucleus of the nuclide N. The nucleus of nuclide N is made up of protons and neutrons. e) iii) How is the nucleus of M different from that of N? When nuclide M emits a beta particle, a neutron in its nucleus transforms into a proton and an electron. The electron is emitted, so the nucleus of N will have one more proton and one less neutron compared to M. The mass number remains the same, but the atomic number increases by one. e) iv) What would be the effect, if any, on the activity of M, if it is cooled to 0 °C? Explain. There would be no effect on the activity of M. Radioactive decay is a nuclear process that is independent of external physical conditions such as temperature, pressure, or chemical state. Cooling only affects the atomic or molecular motion, not the stability of the nucleus. Question 9 (f) f) i) State two health hazards of radioactive radiations on humans. • Cell damage, which can lead to cancer, genetic mutations, and birth defects. • Radiation sickness, causing symptoms like nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and internal bleeding, potentially leading to death. f) ii) Give any two safety measures taken when handling radioactive substances. • Use shielding (e.g., lead or concrete barriers) to absorb radiation and reduce exposure. • Maintain a safe distance from the radioactive source to minimize the intensity of radiation received. What's next?