What is volumetric efficiency in reciprocating compressors, and how can it be calculated using a P-V diagram?

Here's a breakdown of the problem:

2.1 Definition of Volumetric Efficiency

Volumetric efficiency ($\eta_v$) in reciprocating compressors is defined as the ratio of the actual volume of gas drawn into the cylinder during the suction stroke (at the inlet pressure and temperature) to the swept volume of the cylinder. It indicates how effectively the cylinder is filled with fresh charge.

2.2 Calculations from the P-V Diagram

Given data from the diagram and problem statement:

• Suction pressure, $P_1 = P_4 = 100 \text{ kPa}$
• Delivery pressure, $P_2 = P_3 = 380 \text{ kPa}$
• Speed of compressor, $N =