Dr. Howard, a researcher, conducted a study where he observed 95 people in his neighbourhood and concluded that all patients contracted HIV/Aids in the same way. What type of error did Dr. Howard make

Here's why:

• Over-generalisation occurs when a researcher draws a conclusion about a larger population based on observations from a limited sample. Dr. Howard observed 95 people in his neighbourhood sample and then concluded that all patients contracted HIV/Aids in the same way. This extends the findings from a specific group to a broader, unspecified population without sufficient evidence.

The other options are incorrect:

• Selective observation would mean he only paid attention to cases that fit his hypothesis, ignoring others. The problem doesn't suggest this.
• Illogical reasoning is a broader category, but "over-generalisation" is the specific type of logical fallacy committed here.
• Inaccurate observation would mean his data about the 95 people was wrong, which is not stated in the problem.

The correct option is Over-generalisation.