a) Define the following terms as used in genetics: i) Gene ii) Mutation iii) Phenotype iv) Monohybrid Cross. b) Albinism is a genetic condition caused by a recessive allele. Using appropriate genetic

Morning PRECIOUS — let's get this done. a) Define the following terms as used in genetics: i) Gene: A segment of DNA that carries genetic information, coding for a specific protein or RNA molecule, and determines a particular trait. ii) Mutation: A permanent, heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. iii) Phenotype: The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. iv) Monohybrid Cross: A genetic cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for a single gene, or a cross that involves only one pair of contrasting traits. b) Albinism is a genetic condition caused by a recessive allele that results in the absence of melanin pigment. i) Using appropriate genetic symbols, draw a genetic diagram to show the cross between two heterozygous parents for albinism and state the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Let A = allele for normal pigmentation (dominant) Let a = allele for albinism (recessive) Parental Genotypes: Heterozygous parent (Aa) × Heterozygous parent (Aa) Gametes from Parent 1: A, a Gametes from Parent 2: A, a Punnett Square: |c|c|c| Gametes & A & a \\ A & AA & Aa \\ a & Aa & aa \\ Genotypic Ratio: 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa Phenotypic Ratio: 3 Normal pigmentation : 1 Albino ii) Describe the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an individual with albinism and explain two challenges they might face due to their condition. Observable Characteristics (Phenotype): Individuals with albinism typically have very pale skin, white or very light blonde hair, and light-colored eyes (often blue, grey, or sometimes appearing pink/red due to visible blood vessels). They also commonly experience vision problems such as photophobia (light sensitivity), nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), and reduced visual acuity. Challenges: • Extreme sensitivity to sunlight and increased risk of skin cancer: Due to the absence of melanin, their skin lacks natural protection against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, making them highly susceptible to severe sunburns and significantly increasing their risk of developing skin cancers. • Vision impairment: The lack of pigment in the eyes affects the development and function of the retina and optic nerves, leading to various visual impairments that can make daily activities challenging, impact education, and limit career opportunities. Send me the next one 📸