List effects of ectoparasite infestation on livestock, factors affecting pasture productivity, plant characteristics for pasture, cannibalism factors in layers, and maize storage pests.

here's the answer to question 1:

1. (a)

i) Five effects of ectoparasite infestation on livestock are:

• Reduced growth rate
• Decreased milk or meat production
• Damage to hides and skins
• Transmission of diseases (e.g., tick-borne diseases)
• Anaemia (due to blood feeding)

1. (b)

i) Five factors which could affect the productivity of pastures are:

• Soil fertility
• Rainfall/Water availability
• Temperature
• Grazing management (e.g., overgrazing)
• Presence of pests and diseases

ii) Four characteristics of plants which make them suitable for pasture development are:

• High palatability (readily eaten by livestock)
• High nutritive value
• Rapid regrowth after grazing
• Tolerance to trampling

1. (c)
Four factors which could facilitate cannibalism among layers are:

• Overcrowding
• Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., lack of protein or salt)
• High light intensity
• Lack of enrichment or boredom

1. (d)
Two storage pests of maize are:

• Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)
• Larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus)