List five effects of ectoparasite infestation on livestock.

Here's the solution for question 1(a)(i):

Five effects of ectoparasite infestation on livestock are:

• Irritation and discomfort, leading to restlessness and rubbing.
• Blood loss, which can cause anemia, especially in severe infestations.
• Skin damage such as lesions, wounds, and hair loss, making the animal susceptible to secondary infections.
• Transmission of diseases, as many ectoparasites act as vectors for pathogens (e.g., ticks transmit anaplasmosis).
• Reduced productivity, including decreased growth rate, lower milk or egg production, and poor wool quality.

The final answer is $\text{See above}$.