This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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11. Solubility is the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature to form a saturated solution. 12. Step 1: Obtain sodium metal and chlorine gas. Step 2: Heat a small piece of sodium metal in a combustion spoon until it starts to burn. Step 3: Carefully lower the burning sodium into a gas jar filled with chlorine gas. Step 4: The sodium will react vigorously with the chlorine gas, producing a bright yellow flame and forming white solid sodium chloride. 2Na(s) + Cl_2(g) 2NaCl(s) Step 5: Allow the reaction to complete and cool. Collect the solid sodium chloride formed. 13. To prepare a solid sample of PbSO_4 from PbO, follow these steps: Step 1: Prepare a soluble lead(II) salt solution from PbO. Since PbO is an insoluble base, it must first be reacted with a dilute acid to form a soluble lead(II) salt. Nitric acid is commonly used as it forms soluble nitrates. Add dilute nitric acid to PbO and warm gently until all the PbO dissolves, forming lead(II) nitrate solution. PbO(s) + 2HNO_3(aq) Pb(NO_3)_2(aq) + H_2O(l) Step 2: Precipitate lead(II) sulfate. Add a solution of a soluble sulfate, such as sodium sulfate (Na_2SO_4) or dilute sulfuric acid (H_2SO_4), to the lead(II) nitrate solution. Lead(II) sulfate is an insoluble salt and will precipitate out as a white solid. Pb(NO_3)_2(aq) + Na_2SO_4(aq) PbSO_4(s) + 2NaNO_3(aq) or Pb(NO_3)_2(aq) + H_2SO_4(aq) PbSO_4(s) + 2HNO_3(aq) Step 3: Isolate and purify the lead(II) sulfate. Filter the mixture to separate the solid PbSO_4 precipitate from the solution. Wash the precipitate thoroughly with distilled water to remove any soluble impurities. Dry the solid PbSO_4 in an oven or desiccator. 14. Graham's Law of Diffusion/Effusion: Graham's Law states that the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass (or density), assuming constant temperature and pressure. Expressed mathematically: Rate_1Rate_2 = sqrt((M_2)/(M_1)) where Rate_1 and Rate_2 are the rates of diffusion/effusion of gas 1 and gas 2, respectively, and M_1 and M_2 are their respective molar masses.