A) Distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid.

Here are the solutions to your questions:

2.a) Distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid.

• A strong acid completely dissociates or ionizes in water, releasing all its hydrogen ions.
• A weak acid only partially dissociates or ionizes in water, releasing only some of its hydrogen ions.

2.b) Give the IUPAC name of each of the following compounds.
i. $\text{H}_2\text{CO}_3$: Carbonic acid
ii. $\text{KNO}_3$: Potassium nitrate
iii. $\text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_3$: Methyl ethanoate
iv. $\text{NH}_3$: Ammonia

2.c) i) Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.

• Renewable energy sources are naturally replenished over a relatively short period, making them inexhaustible.
• Non-renewable energy sources are finite and take millions of years to form, meaning they will eventually run out.

2.c) ii) Give one example each.

a) Renewable sources of energy: Solar energy

b) Non-renewable sources of energy: Coal

3.a) Explain why:

i) The tip of needles are made pointed.
A pointed tip has a very small surface area. When a force is applied, this small area results in a high pressure, allowing the needle to easily penetrate materials.

ii) Wheels of earth moving machines are broad.
Broad wheels have a large surface area. This large area distributes the machine's heavy weight over a wider region, reducing the pressure exerted on the ground and preventing the machine from sinking.

3.b) i) Distinguish between a base and an alkali.

• A base is a substance that can accept protons (hydrogen ions) or donate a pair of electrons.
• An alkali is a base that is soluble in water and produces hydroxide ions ($\text{OH}^-$) when dissolved.

3.b) ii) Name one natural source of each bases:

a) Ammonia ($\text{NH}_3$): Decomposition of organic matter (e.g., from bacterial action on nitrogenous waste).

b) Potassium hydroxide ($\text{KOH}$): Potassium is found in minerals such as sylvite ($\text{KCl}$) and carnallite ($\text{KCl} \cdot \text{MgCl}_2 \cdot 6\text{H}_2\text{O}$). Pure $\text{KOH}$ is primarily an industrial product.

c) Calcium oxide ($\text{CaO}$): Produced by heating calcium carbonate (limestone).