This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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9. a) Faraday's first law of electrolysis states that the mass of a substance deposited or liberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte. 9. b) To calculate the volume of chlorine gas liberated at s.t.p.: Step 1: Calculate the total charge (Q) passed. The current (I) is 100 A. The time (t) is 2 hours. Convert time to seconds: t = 2 hours × 60 minuteshour × 60 secondsminute = 7200 s Calculate charge: Q = I × t = 100 A × 7200 s = 720000 C Step 2: Determine the moles of electrons. The Faraday constant (F) is 96500 C/mol. Moles of electrons = (Q)/(F) = 720000 C96500 C/mol ≈ 7.46114 mol Step 3: Write the half-reaction for chlorine gas liberation and find moles of Cl_2. In molten sodium chloride, chlorine gas is liberated at the anode: 2Cl^-(l) Cl_2(g) + 2e^- From the reaction, 2 moles of electrons produce 1 mole of Cl_2. Moles of Cl_2 = Moles of electrons2 = 7.46114 mol2 ≈ 3.73057 mol Step 4: Calculate the volume of Cl_2 at s.t.p. The molar gas volume (MGV) at s.t.p. is 22.4 dm^3/mol. Volume of Cl_2 = Moles of Cl_2 × MGV = 3.73057 mol × 22.4 dm^3mol ≈ 83.565 dm^3 The volume of chlorine gas liberated at s.t.p. is 83.57 dm^3. 9. c) Three applications of electrolysis are: • Electroplating, such as coating a metal object with a layer of another metal (e.g., silver plating). • Extraction of reactive metals from their ores, such as aluminium from bauxite. • Purification of metals, such as refining crude copper. 10. a) Solubility in Chemistry is defined as the maximum mass of a solute that can dissolve in a given mass of solvent (usually 100 g) at a specific temperature to form a saturated solution. 10. b) The table shows the solubility of potassium chlorate (V) at different temperatures: | Mass of KClO_3 in grams per 100g of water | 40.0 | 20.0 | 13.3 | 10.0 | 8.0 | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | Temperature (^) | 88.0 | 52.0 | 38.0 | 31.0 | 25.0 | That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one.