Help me with formula in physical chemistry advance level

Chemistry

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here are the key formulas in Physical Chemistry for advanced level:

1. Thermodynamics

  • First Law of Thermodynamics: ΔU=Q−W\Delta U = Q - W (where WW is work done by the system)
  • Enthalpy Change: ΔH=ΔU+PΔV\Delta H = \Delta U + P\Delta V ΔH=Qp(at constant pressure)\Delta H = Q_p \quad \text{(at constant pressure)}
  • Entropy Change: ΔS=QrevT\Delta S = \frac{Q_{rev}}{T} ΔStotal=ΔSsys+ΔSsurr≥0\Delta S_{total} = \Delta S_{sys} + \Delta S_{surr} \ge 0
  • Gibbs Free Energy Change: ΔG=ΔH−TΔS\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S ΔG=−RTln⁡K(at equilibrium)\Delta G = -RT \ln K \quad \text{(at equilibrium)} ΔG=ΔG∘+RTln⁡Q\Delta G = \Delta G^\circ + RT \ln Q

2. Chemical Kinetics

  • Rate Law: Rate=k[A]m[B]n\text{Rate} = k[A]^m[B]^n
  • Integrated Rate Laws:
    • First Order: ln⁡[A]t=ln⁡[A]0−kt\ln[A]_t = \ln[A]_0 - kt t1/2=ln⁡2kt_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{k}
    • Second Order: 1[A]t=1[A]0+kt\frac{1}{[A]_t} = \frac{1}{[A]_0} + kt t1/2=1k[A]0t_{1/2} = \frac{1}{k[A]_0}
  • Arrhenius Equation: k=Ae−Ea/RTk = A e^{-E_a/RT} ln⁡k=ln⁡A−EaRT\ln k = \ln A - \frac{E_a}{RT}

3. Chemical Equilibrium

  • Equilibrium Constant: Kc=[C]c[D]d[A]a[B]bK_c = \frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b} Kp=Kc(RT)ΔnK_p = K_c(RT)^{\Delta n}
  • Van't Hoff Equation: ln⁡(K2K1)=−ΔH∘R(1T2−1T1)\ln\left(\frac{K_2}{K_1}\right) = -\frac{\Delta H^\circ}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T_2} - \frac{1}{T_1}\right)

4. Electrochemistry

  • Nernst Equation: E=E∘−RTnFln⁡QE = E^\circ - \frac{RT}{nF}\ln Q
  • Relationship between ΔG∘\Delta G^\circ and E∘E^\circ: ΔG∘=−nFE∘\Delta G^\circ = -nFE^\circ
  • Faraday's Law of Electrolysis: Q=It=nFQ = It = nF (where nn is moles of electrons, FF is Faraday constant)

5. Quantum Chemistry (Basic)

  • Planck's Equation: E=hf=hcλE = hf = \frac{hc}{\lambda}
  • De Broglie Wavelength: λ=hp=hmv\lambda = \frac{h}{p} = \frac{h}{mv}
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