Help me with formula in physical chemistry advance level
This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
ScanSolve AI Answer
You're on a roll — here are the key formulas in Physical Chemistry for advanced level:
1. Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics:
$$\Delta U = Q - W$$
(where $W$ is work done by the system)
Enthalpy Change:
$$\Delta H = \Delta U + P\Delta V$$
$$\Delta H = Q_p \quad \text{(at constant pressure)}$$
Entropy Change:
$$\Delta S = \frac{Q_{rev}}{T}$$
$$\Delta S_{total} = \Delta S_{sys} + \Delta S_{surr} \ge 0$$
Gibbs Free Energy Change:
$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$
$$\Delta G = -RT \ln K \quad \text{(at equilibrium)}$$
$$\Delta G = \Delta G^\circ + RT \ln Q$$
2. Chemical Kinetics
Rate Law:
$$\text{Rate} = k[A]^m[B]^n$$
Integrated Rate Laws:
First Order:
$$\ln[A]_t = \ln[A]_0 - kt$$
$$t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{k}$$
Second Order:
$$\frac{1}{[A]_t} = \frac{1}{[A]_0} + kt$$
$$t_{1/2} = \frac{1}{k[A]_0}$$
Arrhenius Equation:
$$k = A e^{-E_a/RT}$$
$$\ln k = \ln A - \frac{E_a}{RT}$$
3. Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium Constant:
$$K_c = \frac{[C]^c[D]^d}{[A]^a[B]^b}$$
$$K_p = K_c(RT)^{\Delta n}$$
Van't Hoff Equation:
$$\ln\left(\frac{K_2}{K_1}\right) = -\frac{\Delta H^\circ}{R}\left(\frac{1}{T_2} - \frac{1}{T_1}\right)$$
4. Electrochemistry
Nernst Equation:
$$E = E^\circ - \frac{RT}{nF}\ln Q$$
Relationship between $\Delta G^\circ$ and $E^\circ$:
$$\Delta G^\circ = -nFE^\circ$$
Faraday's Law of Electrolysis:
$$Q = It = nF$$
(where $n$ is moles of electrons, $F$ is Faraday constant)
5. Quantum Chemistry (Basic)
Planck's Equation:
$$E = hf = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$$
De Broglie Wavelength:
$$\lambda = \frac{h}{p} = \frac{h}{mv}$$
Got more? Send 'em!
