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Give the name of the 3rd member of the alkene homologous series. (b) Draw and name all isomers of butane. 12. Draw a diagram to illustrate the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide.

Chemistry

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11. (a) Give the name of the 3rd member of the alkene homologous series.
The alkene homologous series starts with ethene (C2H4\text{C}_2\text{H}_4), followed by propene (C3H6\text{C}_3\text{H}_6). The third member is butene.
The name is Butene\boxed{\text{Butene}}.

(b) Draw and name all isomers of butane.
Butane has the molecular formula C4H10\text{C}_4\text{H}_{10}.

  1. n-Butane (or simply Butane) CH3−CH2−CH2−CH3\text{CH}_3 - \text{CH}_2 - \text{CH}_2 - \text{CH}_3
  2. 2-Methylpropane (or Isobutane) CH3∣CH3−CH−CH3\begin{matrix} & \text{CH}_3 \\ & | \\ \text{CH}_3 & - & \text{CH} & - & \text{CH}_3 \end{matrix}

12. Draw a diagram to illustrate the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide.
Diagram showing an electrolytic cell for molten aluminium oxide:
A large steel tank lined with carbon acts as the cathode. Carbon rods suspended in the molten electrolyte act as the anodes. The electrolyte is molten aluminium oxide (Al2O3\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3) dissolved in cryolite (Na3AlF6\text{Na}_3\text{AlF}_6) to lower its melting point.
At the cathode (negative electrode): Al3+(l)+3e−→Al (l)\text{Al}^{3+} \text{(l)} + 3\text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{Al (l)}
At the anode (positive electrode): 2O2−(l)→O2(g)+4e−2\text{O}^{2-} \text{(l)} \rightarrow \text{O}_2 \text{(g)} + 4\text{e}^-
The oxygen produced at the anode reacts with the carbon electrodes: C (s)+O2(g)→CO2(g)\text{C (s)} + \text{O}_2 \text{(g)} \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 \text{(g)}

       +---------------------------------+
       |                                 |
       |  Carbon Anodes (positive)       |
       |  (consume and need replacement) |
       |  |   |   |   |   |   |          |
       |  V   V   V   V   V   V          |
       |---------------------------------|
       |                                 |
       |  Molten Al2O3 in Cryolite       |
       |  (Electrolyte)                  |
       |                                 |
       |---------------------------------|
       |  Molten Aluminium (product)     |
       |  (denser, collects at bottom)   |
       +---------------------------------+
       |                                 |
       |  Carbon Cathode (negative)      |
       |  (lining of the cell)           |
       +---------------------------------+

(Note: As an AI, I cannot draw a visual diagram. The description above outlines the key components and processes for the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide.)

13. (a) A molecule of a compound has a mass of 7.34×10−237.34 \times 10^{-23} g. Calculate its RMM. L = 6.023×10236.023 \times 10^{23}.

  1. Use the formula relating RMM, mass of one molecule, and Avogadro's constant (L).

    RMM=Mass of one molecule×Avogadro’s constant (L)\text{RMM} = \text{Mass of one molecule} \times \text{Avogadro's constant (L)}
  2. Substitute the given values.

    RMM=(7.34×10−23 g/molecule)×(6.023×1023 molecules/mol)\text{RMM} = (7.34 \times 10^{-23} \text{ g/molecule}) \times (6.023 \times 10^{23} \text{ molecules/mol})
  3. Calculate the RMM.

    RMM=44.20982 g/mol\text{RMM} = 44.20982 \text{ g/mol}

    The RMM is 44.2\boxed{44.2}.

    (b) State Avogadro's law.
    Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules.

    14. The diagram below represents a set of apparatus used to study the properties of chlorine water.

    (a) Name gas X.
    Gas X is produced when chlorine water is exposed to sunlight. Chlorine water decomposes in sunlight to produce oxygen gas.
    Gas X is Oxygen\boxed{\text{Oxygen}}.

    (b) Write an equation for the reaction that produces gas X.
    Chlorine water contains hypochlorous acid (HClO\text{HClO}), which decomposes in sunlight to produce oxygen.

    2HClO (aq)→sunlight2HCl (aq)+O2(g)2\text{HClO (aq)} \xrightarrow{\text{sunlight}} 2\text{HCl (aq)} + \text{O}_2 \text{(g)}

    (c) Give one use of chlorine.
    One use of chlorine is as a disinfectant\boxed{\text{disinfectant}} (e.g., for water treatment or swimming pools).

    15. (a) What is the meaning of polymerization?
    Polymerization is a chemical process in which small repeating units called monomers join together to form a long chain-like molecule called a polymer.

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