This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Dany, let's knock this out. Here is a detailed breakdown of the synthetic route shown in the image: I. Reactions starting from Chloroethane (CH_3CH_2Cl): 1. From Chloroethane (CH_3CH_2Cl) to Ethane (CH_3CH_3): Reagents: H_2 with a catalyst (e.g., Pt, Pd, or Ni) Conditions: Heat (e.g., 150°C) Reaction Type: Reduction (Hydrogenation/Hydrogenolysis) Equation: CH_3CH_2Cl + H_2 Ni/Pt/Pd, 150°C CH_3CH_3 + HCl 2. From Chloroethane (CH_3CH_2Cl) to Ethene (CH_2=CH_2): Reagents: Alcoholic KOH Conditions: Heat (reflux) Reaction Type: Elimination (Dehydrohalogenation) Equation: CH_3CH_2Cl + KOH (alc) Heat CH_2=CH_2 + KCl + H_2O 3. From Chloroethane (CH_3CH_2Cl) to Ethanol (CH_3CH_2OH): Reagents: Aqueous KOH Conditions: Heat (reflux) Reaction Type: Nucleophilic Substitution Equation: CH_3CH_2Cl + KOH (aq) Heat CH_3CH_2OH + KCl II. Reactions starting from Ethanol (CH_3CH_2OH): 1. From Ethanol (CH_3CH_2OH) to Ethene (CH_2=CH_2): Reagents: Concentrated H_2SO_4 or Al_2O_3 Conditions: Heat (170°C for H_2SO_4, 350°C for Al_2O_3) Reaction Type: Dehydration (Elimination) Equation (using H_2SO_4): CH_3CH_2OH Conc. H_2SO_4, 170°C CH_2=CH_2 + H_2O 2. From Ethanol (CH_3CH_2OH) to Ethanoic Acid (CH_3COOH): Reagents: Acidified potassium permanganate (KMnO_4/H^+) or acidified potassium dichromate (K_2Cr_2O_7/H^+) Conditions: Heat (reflux) Reaction Type: Oxidation Equation (using KMnO_4): CH_3CH_2OH + 2[O] KMnO_4/H^+, Heat CH_3COOH + H_2O 3. From Ethanol (CH_3CH_2OH) to Chloroethane (CH_3CH_2Cl): Reagents: HCl (often with anhydrous ZnCl_2 as a catalyst, Lucas reagent) or PCl_5 or SOCl_2 Conditions: Heat (if using HCl) Reaction Type: Nucleophilic Substitution Equation (using HCl): CH_3CH_2OH + HCl Heat CH_3CH_2Cl + H_2O III. Reactions starting from Ethene (CH_2=CH_2): 1. From Ethene (CH_2=CH_2) to Chloroethane (CH_3CH_2Cl): Reagents: HCl Conditions: Room temperature Reaction Type: Electrophilic Addition (Hydrohalogenation) Equation: CH_2=CH_2 + HCl → CH_3CH_2Cl 2. From Ethene (CH_2=CH_2) to Ethanol (CH_3CH_2OH): Reagents: Steam (H_2O) with an acid catalyst (e.g., H_3PO_4) Conditions: High temperature, high pressure Reaction Type: Electrophilic Addition (Hydration) Equation: CH_2=CH_2 + H_2O H_3PO_4, Heat/Pressure CH_3CH_2OH 3. From Ethene (CH_2=CH_2) to 1,2-Dichloroethane (CH_2Cl-CH_2Cl): Reagents: Cl_2 Conditions: Room temperature, dark Reaction Type: Electrophilic Addition (Halogenation) Equation: CH_2=CH_2 + Cl_2 → CH_2Cl-CH_2Cl 4. From Ethene (CH_2=CH_2) to Ethane-1,2-diol (CH_2OH-CH_2OH): Reagents: Cold, dilute, alkaline KMnO_4 (Baeyer's reagent) Conditions: Cold, dilute, alkaline Reaction Type: Oxidation (Dihydroxylation) Equation: CH_2=CH_2 + [O] + H_2O Cold, dil. KMnO_4 CH_2OH-CH_2OH IV. Additional Reactions/Sequences shown at the bottom: 1. Sequence: Chloroethane (CH_3CH_2Cl) to Ethanol (CH_3CH_2OH) to Ethene (CH_2=CH_2): Step 1: CH_3CH_2Cl NaOH CH_3CH_2OH Reagents: Aqueous NaOH Conditions: Heat (reflux) Reaction Type: Nucleophilic Substitution Equation: CH_3CH_2Cl + NaOH (aq) Heat CH_3CH_2OH + NaCl Step 2: CH_3CH_2OH H_2O/H^+, warm CH_2=CH_2 Note: The reagent H_2O/H^+ is typically for hydration of alkenes. For dehydration of alcohol to alkene, concentrated acid (e.g., H_2SO_4) and heat are used.* Assuming this refers to acid-catalyzed dehydration: Reagents: Concentrated H_2SO_4 (or Al_2O_3) Conditions: Heat (e.g., 170°C) Reaction Type: Dehydration (Elim