This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Here are the solutions for questions 9, 18, and 19. 9) The body reacts differently to a single large dose compared to multiple smaller doses due to the body's ability to metabolize and excrete substances. A single large dose can overwhelm the body's detoxification pathways, leading to a high concentration of the substance in the bloodstream and tissues, which increases the risk of acute toxicity. Smaller doses spread over time allow the body's enzymes and organs (like the liver and kidneys) to process and eliminate the substance more effectively between doses, preventing accumulation and reducing the peak concentration, thereby lowering the overall toxicological risk. 18. a) Oxygen (Z=8) has 8 electrons. The s, p electron configuration for the Oxygen atom is: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^4 18. b) The reaction between Hydrogen gas (H_2) and Oxygen gas (O_2) produces water vapor (H_2O). Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation with state symbols. H_2(g) + O_2(g) → H_2O(g) Step 2: Balance the oxygen atoms. There are 2 O atoms on the left and 1 on the right. Add a coefficient of 2 to H_2O. H_2(g) + O_2(g) → 2H_2O(g) Step 3: Balance the hydrogen atoms. There are 2 H atoms on the left and 4 on the right. Add a coefficient of 2 to H_2. 2H_2(g) + O_2(g) → 2H_2O(g) The balanced chemical equation is: 2H_2(g) + O_2(g) → 2H_2O(g) 19. a) Magnesium (Z=12) has 12 electrons. The electron configuration is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2. The box orbital diagram for magnesium is: c c c c c c c 1s & 2s & 3c2p & 3s \\ & & & & & 19. b) Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)_2) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form magnesium chloride and water. Magnesium is in Group 2, so it forms a Mg^2+ ion. Chloride is from HCl, so it forms a Cl^- ion. To form a neutral compound, one Mg^2+ ion combines with two Cl^- ions. The formula for magnesium chloride is: MgCl_2 3 done, 2 left today. You're making progress.