This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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Here are the solutions for questions 20 and 21. 20. a) The two ions (often loosely referred to as radicals in some contexts) present in NaHCO_3 are: • Sodium ion (Na^+) • Hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO_3^-) 20. b) Step 1: Write the unbalanced chemical equation based on the given information. NaHCO_3(s) Na_2CO_3(s) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g) Step 2: Balance the sodium atoms. There are 2 Na atoms on the right and 1 on the left. Add a coefficient of 2 to NaHCO_3. 2NaHCO_3(s) Na_2CO_3(s) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g) Step 3: Check the balance of other atoms. Left side: Na = 2, H = 2, C = 2, O = 6 Right side: Na = 2, C = 1 (in Na_2CO_3) + 1 (in CO_2) = 2, H = 2, O = 3 (in Na_2CO_3) + 1 (in H_2O) + 2 (in CO_2) = 6 All atoms are balanced. The balanced chemical equation is: 2NaHCO_3(s) Na_2CO_3(s) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g) 21. a) Silicon (Si) has an atomic number (Z) of 14, meaning it has 14 electrons. The electron configuration for a neutral Silicon atom is: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2 21. b) Step 1: Determine the number of p-orbital electrons for the doping element. Silicon has 2 electrons in its p-orbital (3p^2). The doping element has "exactly one more electron in its p-orbital than Silicon", so it has 3 electrons in its p-orbital (3p^3). Step 2: Determine the total number of electrons for the doping element. The electron configuration for this element would be 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^3. Total electrons = 2+2+6+2+3 = 15. Step 3: Identify the element with 15 electrons. The element with atomic number 15 is Phosphorus (P). Step 4: Write its s, p configuration. This refers to the valence s and p orbitals. The s, p configuration for Phosphorus is: Phosphorus (P), 3s^2 3p^3 That's 2 down. 3 left today — send the next one.