This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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20.a) The two radicals (ions) present in NaHCO_3 are: • Sodium ion (Na^+) • Hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO_3^-) 20.b) Step 1: Write the unbalanced chemical equation for the thermal decomposition. Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (NaHCO_3) decomposes into Sodium Carbonate (Na_2CO_3), Water (H_2O), and Carbon (IV) oxide (CO_2). NaHCO_3 → Na_2CO_3 + H_2O + CO_2 Step 2: Balance the equation. Balance Sodium (Na) atoms: There are 2 Na atoms on the right in Na_2CO_3. Place a coefficient of 2 in front of NaHCO_3 on the left. 2NaHCO_3 → Na_2CO_3 + H_2O + CO_2 Now, check other atoms: Hydrogen (H): 2 × 1 = 2 H on the left. 2 H on the right in H_2O. (Balanced) Carbon (C): 2 × 1 = 2 C on the left. 1 C in Na_2CO_3 and 1 C in CO_2 (total 2 C) on the right. (Balanced) Oxygen (O): 2 × 3 = 6 O on the left. 3 O in Na_2CO_3, 1 O in H_2O, and 2 O in CO_2 (total 6 O) on the right. (Balanced) The balanced chemical equation is: 2NaHCO_3 → Na_2CO_3 + H_2O + CO_2 21.a) Step 1: Determine the number of electrons for Silicon. Silicon (Si) has an atomic number (Z) of 14, meaning it has 14 electrons. Step 2: Write the electron configuration. The electron configuration for a neutral Silicon atom is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2. The configuration for a neutral Silicon atom is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2. 21.b) Step 1: Determine the required p-orbital configuration for the doping element. Silicon has 3p^2. The doping element must have "exactly one more electron in its p-orbital than Silicon", so it must have 3p^3. Step 2: Identify the element. An element with 3p^3 as its outermost p-orbital configuration is in Period 3, Group 15 of the periodic table. This element is Phosphorus (P). Step 3: Write the s, p configuration for Phosphorus. Phosphorus (P) has an atomic number (Z) of 15, meaning it has 15 electrons. Its electron configuration is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^3. The element used for doping is Phosphorus (P), and its s, p configuration is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^3. Last free one today — make it count tomorrow, or type /upgrade for unlimited.