This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.
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You're on a roll — a) Step 1: Identify the reactants in Step 1. In Step 1, solid sulfur reacts with hot nitric acid. S(s) + HNO_3(conc) H_2SO_4(aq) + NO_2(g) + H_2O(l) Step 2: State an observable change. The reaction produces nitrogen dioxide gas (NO_2). Observation: A reddish-brown gas is produced. b) Step 1: Consider the nature of the reaction in Step 1. Step 1 involves the oxidation of sulfur by nitric acid. Step 2: Explain why dilute nitric acid is unsuitable. Dilute nitric acid is a weaker oxidizing agent compared to concentrated nitric acid and may not be strong enough to oxidize sulfur effectively. Step 3: Explain why hydrochloric acid is unsuitable. Hydrochloric acid is a non-oxidizing acid and therefore cannot oxidize sulfur. Explanation: Dilute nitric acid is a weaker oxidizing agent and may not react with sulfur. Hydrochloric acid is a non-oxidizing acid and will not react with sulfur. c) Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation for Step 1. Sulfur reacts with hot concentrated nitric acid to produce sulfuric acid, nitrogen dioxide gas, and water. S(s) + 6HNO_3(aq) H_2SO_4(aq) + 6NO_2(g) + 2H_2O(l) d) Step 1: Identify the reactants in Step 4. In Step 4, copper(II) oxide (CuO) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Step 2: Write the balanced chemical equation for Step 4. Copper(II) oxide is a basic oxide and reacts with hydrochloric acid to form copper(II) chloride solution and water. CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CuCl_2(aq) + H_2O(l) e) Step 1: Identify Solution A from the flow chart. Solution A is formed when sulfur reacts with hot nitric acid in Step 1. Step 2: Name Solution A. The product of this reaction is sulfuric acid. Name: Sulfuric acid f) Step 1: Identify gas C. Gas C produced in Step 1 is nitrogen dioxide (NO_2). Step 2: State and explain a harmful effect. Nitrogen dioxide is a major air pollutant. Harmful effect: Nitrogen dioxide contributes to acid rain. Explanation: It reacts with water and oxygen in the atmosphere to form nitric acid, which falls as acid rain, damaging buildings, vegetation, and aquatic ecosystems. What's next?