This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.

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Mkusanyiko (Concentration)
Haya Alice, wacha tuendelee na maswali haya ya kemia.
3. (a) (i) Mbali na halijoto na shinikizo, kipengele kingine kinachoathiri nafasi ya usawa wa mmenyuko ni mkusanyiko wa vitendanishi au bidhaa. Jibu lako la "concentration" ni sahihi. "Catalyst" haiathiri nafasi ya usawa, bali huongeza kasi ya kufikia usawa. Kipengele kingine ni:
Table 2. I. Ili kubaini kama mmenyuko ni eksothermi au endothermi, tutachunguza jinsi mabadiliko ya halijoto yanavyoathiri kiasi cha ethanoli kwenye usawa, huku shinikizo likiwa sawa.
Step 1: Linganisha data kutoka kwenye jedwali. Angalia safu ambapo shinikizo ni sawa (50 atm) lakini halijoto inatofautiana: • Kwenye 300°C na 50 atm, kiasi cha ethanoli ni 0.40 mol. • Kwenye 250°C na 50 atm, kiasi cha ethanoli ni 0.42 mol. • Kwenye 350°C na 50 atm, kiasi cha ethanoli ni 0.38 mol.
Step 2: Changanua athari za halijoto kwenye usawa. Tunapo pungua halijoto kutoka 300°C hadi 250°C (huku shinikizo likiwa 50 atm), kiasi cha ethanoli kinaongezeka kutoka 0.40 mol hadi 0.42 mol. Hii inamaanisha usawa unahamia upande wa bidhaa (kulia) wakati halijoto inapungua. Kulingana na kanuni ya Le Chatelier, ikiwa kupunguza halijoto kunapendelea uundaji wa bidhaa, basi mmenyuko wa mbele ni eksothermi (hutoa joto).
Step 3: Hitimisha na kueleza. Mmenyuko kati ya ethene na mvuke ni . Hii ni kwa sababu kupunguza halijoto (kutoka 300°C hadi 250°C) husababisha kuongezeka kwa kiasi cha ethanoli kwenye usawa. Mfumo hujibu kwa kupunguza halijoto kwa kutoa joto zaidi, jambo ambalo linaashiria mmenyuko wa mbele ni eksothermi. Kinyume chake, kuongeza halijoto (kutoka 300°C hadi 350°C) hupunguza kiasi cha ethanoli, ikionyesha kuwa usawa unahamia upande wa vitendanishi ili kunyonya joto la ziada.
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Haya Alice, wacha tuendelee na maswali haya ya kemia. 3.
This chemistry question involves key chemical concepts and calculations. The detailed solution below walks through each step, from identifying the reaction type to computing the final answer.