b. Explain any two reasons why excise duty is levied? 21. c. Explain two roles of citizens in promoting good governance? 22. a. Give any two causes of conflicts in Africa.

You're on a roll — here are the answers to the questions: 21. b. Explain any two reasons why excise duty is levied? To generate government revenue: Excise duty is a significant source of income for the government, which can then be used to fund public services and development projects. To discourage consumption of certain goods: It is often levied on goods considered harmful or luxury items (like tobacco, alcohol, or fuel) to reduce their consumption and promote public health or environmental goals. 21. c. Explain two roles of citizens in promoting good governance? Participating in elections: Citizens exercise their right to vote to elect leaders who are accountable and committed to good governance, ensuring representation and democratic principles. Holding leaders accountable: Citizens can demand transparency and accountability from their elected officials through various means, such as public protests, petitions, and engaging with media, to ensure leaders act in the public interest. 22. a. Give any two causes of conflicts in Africa. Land disputes: Competition over land resources, often exacerbated by historical grievances or unclear ownership, frequently leads to violent conflicts between communities or ethnic groups. Corruption: Widespread corruption within governments and institutions can lead to unequal distribution of resources, injustice, and a lack of trust, fueling resentment and conflict among the populace. 22. b. Mrs. Thole joined village savings and loan group's in order to save money. Explain two importances of savings. Provides financial security for emergencies: Savings act as a safety net, allowing individuals to cover unexpected expenses such as medical emergencies, job loss, or unforeseen repairs without falling into debt. Enables future investments and goals: Accumulated savings can be used to fund significant life goals like education, starting a business, buying property, or retirement, improving long-term financial well-being. 22. c. Explain two benefits of national identity registration to the citizens of Malawi? Confirms citizenship and legal identity: National identity registration provides official proof of a person's citizenship and legal identity, which is essential for accessing rights, services, and participating in national processes like voting. Facilitates access to essential services: With a national ID, citizens can easily access government services such as healthcare, education, social welfare programs, and financial services like opening bank accounts. 23. a. Explain the meaning of the following strategies for conflict resolutions i. Arbitration: Arbitration is a process where a neutral third party (the arbitrator) hears arguments and evidence from all parties involved in a conflict and then makes a binding decision* to resolve the dispute. ii. Negotiation: Negotiation is a direct discussion between two or more parties in a conflict, aiming to reach a mutually acceptable agreement* or compromise without the intervention of a third party.